{"id":77,"date":"2026-06-13T12:04:08","date_gmt":"2026-06-13T12:04:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/?p=77"},"modified":"2026-06-13T12:04:08","modified_gmt":"2026-06-13T12:04:08","slug":"temel-haklarin-olaganustu-donemlerde-sinirlanmasi-madde-15","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/temel-haklarin-olaganustu-donemlerde-sinirlanmasi-madde-15\/","title":{"rendered":"Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131&#8217;nda Temel Haklar\u0131n Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc D\u00f6nemlerde S\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131 (Madde 15)"},"content":{"rendered":"<article><strong>Temel haklar\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131<\/strong>, devletin en zor zamanlarda bile hukuk s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde kal\u0131p kalamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir anayasal \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc sava\u015f, seferberlik veya ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l gibi d\u00f6nemlerde devletin h\u0131zl\u0131 ve etkili tedbirler almas\u0131 gerekebilir. Ancak bu gereklilik, haklar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bi\u00e7imde ask\u0131ya al\u0131nabilece\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelmez. <a href=\"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131<\/a> i\u00e7inde Madde 15, tam olarak bu hassas dengeyi kurar. Devlete ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde ge\u00e7ici ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 m\u00fcdahale imk\u00e2n\u0131 tan\u0131rken; ya\u015fama hakk\u0131, maddi ve manevi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, masumiyet karinesi, savunma hakk\u0131, mahkemeye eri\u015fim ve etkili yarg\u0131sal ba\u015fvuru gibi \u00e7ekirdek g\u00fcvenceleri koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece <strong>temel haklar\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131<\/strong>, keyf\u00ee bir g\u00fc\u00e7 alan\u0131 de\u011fil; zorunluluk, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck, kanunilik ve yarg\u0131 denetimi i\u00e7inde kalmas\u0131 gereken istisnai bir anayasal rejim olarak d\u00fczenlenir.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Madde 15 \u2013 Temel Haklar\u0131n Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc D\u00f6nemlerde S\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131<\/strong><br \/>\nSava\u015f, seferberlik ve ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2llerde haklar, milletleraras\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler sakl\u0131 kalmak \u00fczere, durumun zorunlu k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ve kanunla ge\u00e7ici olarak s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilir veya kullan\u0131lmalar\u0131 k\u0131smen durdurulabilir. Tedbirler zorunlu, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc ve yarg\u0131 denetimli olur; belirsiz, genel veya s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z yetki verilemez.<\/p>\n<p>Tedbirler hakk\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc ortadan kald\u0131racak veya durumun gerektirdi\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcy\u00fc a\u015facak bi\u00e7imde uygulanamaz. Bu h\u00e2llerde dahi a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki hak ve g\u00fcvencelere dokunulamaz:<br \/>\na) Sava\u015f hukukuna uygun fiiller sonucu meydana gelen \u00f6l\u00fcmler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ya\u015fama hakk\u0131;<br \/>\nb) Maddi ve manevi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc;<br \/>\nc) Din, vicdan, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve kanaat \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6z\u00fc;<br \/>\n\u00e7) Su\u00e7 ve cezalar\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fe y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmemesi ilkesi;<br \/>\nd) Masumiyet karinesi;<br \/>\ne) Savunma hakk\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fc;<br \/>\nf) Mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131;<br \/>\ng) Etkili yarg\u0131sal ba\u015fvuru g\u00fcvencesi.<\/p>\n<p>Tedbirlerin kapsam\u0131, s\u00fcresi ve denetimi a\u00e7\u0131k kanuni usule ba\u011flan\u0131r.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h2>Zor Zamanlarda Hukukun S\u0131nav\u0131 Ba\u015flar<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Temel haklar\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131<\/strong>, en \u00e7ok da kriz anlar\u0131nda anlam kazan\u0131r. Normal zamanlarda haklar\u0131 savunmak daha kolayd\u0131r; as\u0131l mesele, sava\u015f, seferberlik, a\u011f\u0131r g\u00fcvenlik tehdidi veya ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l d\u00f6nemlerinde de hukuk devletinin ayakta kalabilmesidir. Madde 15, bu nedenle devlete ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu hareket alan\u0131n\u0131 verirken, bu alan\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z b\u0131rakmaz.<\/p>\n<p>Bu anlay\u0131\u015f, devleti hem g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc hem de sorumlu k\u0131lar. Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde kamu d\u00fczenini, g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve milletin ortak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in baz\u0131 tedbirler al\u0131nabilir. Ancak bu tedbirler durumun zorunlu k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcy\u00fc a\u015famaz. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.echr.coe.int\/documents\/d\/echr\/guide_art_15_eng\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2llerde insan haklar\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerinin ask\u0131ya al\u0131nmas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi rehberi<\/a>, kriz d\u00f6nemlerinde dahi temel g\u00fcvencelerin tamamen ortadan kalkmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. Bu nedenle <strong>temel haklar\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131<\/strong>, krizi bahane eden keyf\u00eelik de\u011fil, krizi hukuk i\u00e7inde y\u00f6netme iradesidir.<\/p>\n<h2>S\u0131n\u0131rlama Ge\u00e7ici, Zorunlu ve \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc Olmal\u0131d\u0131r<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Temel haklar\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131<\/strong>, Madde 15\u2019e g\u00f6re ancak kanunla ve ge\u00e7ici olarak yap\u0131labilir. Bu iki \u015fart \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Kanunilik, s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n ki\u015fisel kararlara veya belirsiz idari uygulamalara b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller. Ge\u00e7icilik ise ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6neme \u00f6zg\u00fc tedbirlerin kal\u0131c\u0131 y\u00f6netim al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesini \u00f6nler.<\/p>\n<p>Madde, tedbirlerin zorunlu, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc ve yarg\u0131 denetimli olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zellikle belirtir. Bu ifade, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde bile devletin \u201cs\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z yetki\u201d kullanamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Bir tedbir ger\u00e7ekten gerekli de\u011filse uygulanmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Gerekliyse de kapsam\u0131, s\u00fcresi ve etkisi ihtiyac\u0131 a\u015fmamal\u0131d\u0131r. <strong><em>Temel haklar\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131<\/em><\/strong>, bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle kamu g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kriz gerek\u00e7esiyle serbest b\u0131rakmaz; aksine daha dikkatli bir anayasal disipline ba\u011flar.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Kanunilik<\/strong>, tedbirin a\u00e7\u0131k hukuki dayana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ge\u00e7icilik<\/strong>, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc yetkinin kal\u0131c\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zorunluluk<\/strong>, tedbirin ger\u00e7ek bir ihtiya\u00e7tan do\u011fmas\u0131n\u0131 ister.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck<\/strong>, m\u00fcdahalenin gere\u011finden fazla a\u011f\u0131r olmamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Belirsiz ve S\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z Yetki Verilemez<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Temel haklar\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131<\/strong>, belirsiz, genel veya s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z yetkilerle yap\u0131lamaz. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, anayasal g\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok de\u011ferlidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde en b\u00fcy\u00fck risklerden biri, \u201cge\u00e7ici\u201d olarak verilen geni\u015f yetkilerin zamanla normalle\u015fmesi ve denetimsiz bir y\u00f6netim alan\u0131 olu\u015fturmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Madde 15, bu tehlikeyi ba\u015ftan \u00f6nler. Devletin hangi tedbiri hangi gerek\u00e7eyle, ne kadar s\u00fcreyle ve hangi denetim alt\u0131nda uygulayaca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k olmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u201cGerekti\u011finde her t\u00fcrl\u00fc tedbir al\u0131n\u0131r\u201d gibi belirsiz ifadeler, temel haklar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan g\u00fcvenli de\u011fildir. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/instruments-mechanisms\/instruments\/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Medeni ve siyasi haklar\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin uluslararas\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler<\/a>, bu konuda devletlere \u00f6nemli s\u0131n\u0131rlar getirir. B\u00f6ylece <strong>temel haklar\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131<\/strong>, devletin kriz y\u00f6netimini hukuki \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilirlik i\u00e7inde tutar.<\/p>\n<h2>Dokunulamaz Haklar Anayasal \u00c7ekirde\u011fi Korur<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Temel haklar\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131<\/strong>, baz\u0131 hak ve g\u00fcvencelerin hi\u00e7bir durumda ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul eder. Madde 15, sava\u015f hukukuna uygun fiiller sonucu meydana gelen \u00f6l\u00fcmler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ya\u015fama hakk\u0131n\u0131; maddi ve manevi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc; din, vicdan, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve kanaat \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc; su\u00e7 ve cezalar\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fe y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmemesi ilkesini; masumiyet karinesini; savunma hakk\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc; mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131n\u0131 ve etkili yarg\u0131sal ba\u015fvuru g\u00fcvencesini korur.<\/p>\n<p>Bu liste, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde bile insan\u0131n tamamen korumas\u0131z b\u0131rak\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Devletin en zor zamanlar\u0131nda dahi insan onuru, adalet ve yarg\u0131sal g\u00fcvence b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle ask\u0131ya al\u0131namaz. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/en\/law-and-policy\/international-humanitarian-law\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sava\u015f hukukunda sivillerin ve temel insani g\u00fcvencelerin korunmas\u0131<\/a>, \u00f6zellikle kriz ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma d\u00f6nemlerinde hukuk fikrinin neden vazge\u00e7ilmez oldu\u011funu anlat\u0131r. Bu nedenle <strong><em>temel haklar\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131<\/em><\/strong>, dokunulamaz bir anayasal \u00e7ekirdekle dengelenir.<\/p>\n<h2>Yarg\u0131 Denetimi Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc D\u00f6nemde Daha da \u00d6nemlidir<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Temel haklar\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131<\/strong>, yarg\u0131 denetimi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131lamaz. Madde 15, tedbirlerin yarg\u0131 denetimli olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerin hukuk d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir alan h\u00e2line gelmesini \u00f6nleyen en \u00f6nemli g\u00fcvencelerden biridir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc haklara m\u00fcdahale artt\u0131k\u00e7a denetimin de daha dikkatli i\u015flemesi gerekir.<\/p>\n<p>Yarg\u0131 denetimi, al\u0131nan tedbirin ger\u00e7ekten zorunlu olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcy\u00fc a\u015f\u0131p a\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, kanuna dayan\u0131p dayanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve hakk\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc yok edip etmedi\u011fini inceleyebilir. Bu denetim yoksa ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nem tedbirleri kolayca keyf\u00eele\u015febilir. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.venice.coe.int\/webforms\/documents\/?pdf=CDL-AD(2020)014-e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2llerde hukuk devleti ilkeleri ve anayasal denetim standartlar\u0131<\/a>, bu noktada g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir referans alan\u0131 sunar. B\u00f6ylece <strong>temel haklar\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131<\/strong>, yarg\u0131sal g\u00fcvenceyle birlikte me\u015fru kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h2>Kapsam, S\u00fcre ve Denetim A\u00e7\u0131k Olmal\u0131d\u0131r<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Temel haklar\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131<\/strong>, yaln\u0131zca neden yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131yla de\u011fil, nas\u0131l uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131yla da ilgilidir. Madde 15, tedbirlerin kapsam\u0131, s\u00fcresi ve denetiminin a\u00e7\u0131k kanuni usule ba\u011flanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, vatanda\u015f\u0131n ve kurumlar\u0131n neyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011funu bilmesini sa\u011flar. Belirsizlik, haklar alan\u0131nda en tehlikeli bo\u015fluklardan biridir.<\/p>\n<p>Bir tedbirin kapsam\u0131 bilinmiyorsa herkes kendisini potansiyel m\u00fcdahale alt\u0131nda hisseder. S\u00fcresi belli de\u011filse ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fcl\u00fck kal\u0131c\u0131 h\u00e2le gelebilir. Denetimi a\u00e7\u0131k de\u011filse hak arama yollar\u0131 zay\u0131flar. Bu y\u00fczden Madde 15, devletin kriz zamanlar\u0131nda bile a\u00e7\u0131k, hesap verebilir ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 davranmas\u0131n\u0131 ister. <strong><em>Temel haklar\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131<\/em><\/strong>, b\u00f6ylece hem kamu g\u00fcvenli\u011fini hem de hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fini birlikte koruyan dengeli bir anayasal \u00e7er\u00e7eveye kavu\u015fur.<\/p>\n<h2>Son De\u011ferlendirme<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Temel haklar\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131<\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131<\/a> i\u00e7inde devletin kriz zamanlar\u0131nda sahip olaca\u011f\u0131 yetkiyi a\u00e7\u0131k hukuk kurallar\u0131na ba\u011flayan \u00f6nemli bir h\u00fck\u00fcmd\u00fcr. Madde 15, sava\u015f, seferberlik ve ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2llerde haklar\u0131n ancak milletleraras\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler sakl\u0131 kalmak \u00fczere, durumun zorunlu k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ve kanunla ge\u00e7ici olarak s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilece\u011fini belirtir. Bu d\u00fczenleme, devlete hareket alan\u0131 verir; fakat bu alan\u0131 belirsiz, genel veya s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z yetkiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmez.<\/p>\n<p>Bu maddenin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc taraf\u0131, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde bile dokunulamaz hak ve g\u00fcvenceleri a\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde korumas\u0131d\u0131r. Ya\u015fama hakk\u0131, maddi ve manevi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, din, vicdan, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve kanaat \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6z\u00fc, su\u00e7 ve cezalar\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fe y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmemesi, masumiyet karinesi, savunma hakk\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fc, mahkemeye eri\u015fim ve etkili yarg\u0131sal ba\u015fvuru g\u00fcvencesi bu \u00e7ekirde\u011fin par\u00e7alar\u0131d\u0131r. Tedbirlerin zorunlu, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc, ge\u00e7ici ve yarg\u0131 denetimli olmas\u0131 ise ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerin hukuk d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir alana d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesini engeller. B\u00f6ylece <strong>temel haklar\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131<\/strong>, hem devletin kriz y\u00f6netme kapasitesini hem de insan onurunu koruyan dengeli bir anayasal g\u00fcvence h\u00e2line gelir.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Temel haklar\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131, devletin en zor zamanlarda bile hukuk s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde kal\u0131p kalamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir anayasal \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc sava\u015f, seferberlik veya ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l gibi d\u00f6nemlerde devletin h\u0131zl\u0131 ve etkili tedbirler almas\u0131 gerekebilir. Ancak bu gereklilik, haklar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bi\u00e7imde ask\u0131ya al\u0131nabilece\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelmez. Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde Madde 15, tam olarak bu hassas dengeyi kurar. Devlete ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde ge\u00e7ici ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 m\u00fcdahale imk\u00e2n\u0131 tan\u0131rken; ya\u015fama hakk\u0131, maddi ve manevi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, masumiyet karinesi, savunma hakk\u0131, mahkemeye eri\u015fim ve etkili yarg\u0131sal ba\u015fvuru gibi \u00e7ekirdek g\u00fcvenceleri koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece temel haklar\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131, keyf\u00ee bir g\u00fc\u00e7 alan\u0131 de\u011fil; zorunluluk, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck, kanunilik ve yarg\u0131 denetimi i\u00e7inde kalmas\u0131 gereken istisnai bir anayasal rejim olarak d\u00fczenlenir. Madde 15 \u2013 Temel Haklar\u0131n Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc D\u00f6nemlerde S\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131 Sava\u015f, seferberlik ve ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2llerde haklar, milletleraras\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler sakl\u0131 kalmak \u00fczere, durumun zorunlu k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ve kanunla ge\u00e7ici olarak s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilir veya kullan\u0131lmalar\u0131 k\u0131smen durdurulabilir. Tedbirler zorunlu, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc ve yarg\u0131 denetimli olur; belirsiz, genel veya s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z yetki verilemez. Tedbirler hakk\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc ortadan kald\u0131racak veya durumun gerektirdi\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcy\u00fc a\u015facak bi\u00e7imde uygulanamaz. Bu h\u00e2llerde dahi a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki hak ve g\u00fcvencelere dokunulamaz: a) Sava\u015f hukukuna uygun fiiller sonucu meydana gelen \u00f6l\u00fcmler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ya\u015fama hakk\u0131; b) Maddi ve manevi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc; c) Din, vicdan, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve kanaat \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6z\u00fc; \u00e7) Su\u00e7 ve cezalar\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fe y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmemesi ilkesi; d) Masumiyet karinesi; e) Savunma hakk\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fc; f) Mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131; g) Etkili yarg\u0131sal ba\u015fvuru g\u00fcvencesi. Tedbirlerin kapsam\u0131, s\u00fcresi ve denetimi a\u00e7\u0131k kanuni usule ba\u011flan\u0131r. Zor Zamanlarda Hukukun S\u0131nav\u0131 Ba\u015flar Temel haklar\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131, en \u00e7ok da kriz anlar\u0131nda anlam kazan\u0131r. Normal zamanlarda haklar\u0131 savunmak daha kolayd\u0131r; as\u0131l mesele, sava\u015f, seferberlik, a\u011f\u0131r g\u00fcvenlik tehdidi veya ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l d\u00f6nemlerinde de hukuk devletinin ayakta kalabilmesidir. Madde 15, bu nedenle devlete ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu hareket alan\u0131n\u0131 verirken, bu alan\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z b\u0131rakmaz. Bu anlay\u0131\u015f, devleti hem g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc hem de sorumlu k\u0131lar. Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde kamu d\u00fczenini, g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve milletin ortak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in baz\u0131 tedbirler al\u0131nabilir. Ancak bu tedbirler durumun zorunlu k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcy\u00fc a\u015famaz. Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2llerde insan haklar\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerinin ask\u0131ya al\u0131nmas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi rehberi, kriz d\u00f6nemlerinde dahi temel g\u00fcvencelerin tamamen ortadan kalkmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. Bu nedenle temel haklar\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131, krizi bahane eden keyf\u00eelik de\u011fil, krizi hukuk i\u00e7inde y\u00f6netme iradesidir. S\u0131n\u0131rlama Ge\u00e7ici, Zorunlu ve \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc Olmal\u0131d\u0131r Temel haklar\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131, Madde 15\u2019e g\u00f6re ancak kanunla ve ge\u00e7ici olarak yap\u0131labilir. Bu iki \u015fart \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Kanunilik, s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n ki\u015fisel kararlara veya belirsiz idari uygulamalara b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller. Ge\u00e7icilik ise ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6neme \u00f6zg\u00fc tedbirlerin kal\u0131c\u0131 y\u00f6netim al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesini \u00f6nler. Madde, tedbirlerin zorunlu, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc ve yarg\u0131 denetimli olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zellikle belirtir. Bu ifade, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde bile devletin \u201cs\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z yetki\u201d kullanamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Bir tedbir ger\u00e7ekten gerekli de\u011filse uygulanmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Gerekliyse de kapsam\u0131, s\u00fcresi ve etkisi ihtiyac\u0131 a\u015fmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Temel haklar\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131, bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle kamu g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kriz gerek\u00e7esiyle serbest b\u0131rakmaz; aksine daha dikkatli bir anayasal disipline ba\u011flar. Kanunilik, tedbirin a\u00e7\u0131k hukuki dayana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Ge\u00e7icilik, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc yetkinin kal\u0131c\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller. Zorunluluk, tedbirin ger\u00e7ek bir ihtiya\u00e7tan do\u011fmas\u0131n\u0131 ister. \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck, m\u00fcdahalenin gere\u011finden fazla a\u011f\u0131r olmamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Belirsiz ve S\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z Yetki Verilemez Temel haklar\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131, belirsiz, genel veya s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z yetkilerle yap\u0131lamaz. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, anayasal g\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok de\u011ferlidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde en b\u00fcy\u00fck risklerden biri, \u201cge\u00e7ici\u201d olarak verilen geni\u015f yetkilerin zamanla normalle\u015fmesi ve denetimsiz bir y\u00f6netim alan\u0131 olu\u015fturmas\u0131d\u0131r. Madde 15, bu tehlikeyi ba\u015ftan \u00f6nler. Devletin hangi tedbiri hangi gerek\u00e7eyle, ne kadar s\u00fcreyle ve hangi denetim alt\u0131nda uygulayaca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k olmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u201cGerekti\u011finde her t\u00fcrl\u00fc tedbir al\u0131n\u0131r\u201d gibi belirsiz ifadeler, temel haklar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan g\u00fcvenli de\u011fildir. Medeni ve siyasi haklar\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin uluslararas\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler, bu konuda devletlere \u00f6nemli s\u0131n\u0131rlar getirir. B\u00f6ylece temel haklar\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131, devletin kriz y\u00f6netimini hukuki \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilirlik i\u00e7inde tutar. Dokunulamaz Haklar Anayasal \u00c7ekirde\u011fi Korur Temel haklar\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131, baz\u0131 hak ve g\u00fcvencelerin hi\u00e7bir durumda ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul eder. Madde 15, sava\u015f hukukuna uygun fiiller sonucu meydana gelen \u00f6l\u00fcmler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ya\u015fama hakk\u0131n\u0131; maddi ve manevi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc; din, vicdan, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve kanaat \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc; su\u00e7 ve cezalar\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fe y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmemesi ilkesini; masumiyet karinesini; savunma hakk\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc; mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131n\u0131 ve etkili yarg\u0131sal ba\u015fvuru g\u00fcvencesini korur. Bu liste, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde bile insan\u0131n tamamen korumas\u0131z b\u0131rak\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Devletin en zor zamanlar\u0131nda dahi insan onuru, adalet ve yarg\u0131sal g\u00fcvence b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle ask\u0131ya al\u0131namaz. Sava\u015f hukukunda sivillerin ve temel insani g\u00fcvencelerin korunmas\u0131, \u00f6zellikle kriz ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma d\u00f6nemlerinde hukuk fikrinin neden vazge\u00e7ilmez oldu\u011funu anlat\u0131r. Bu nedenle temel haklar\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131, dokunulamaz bir anayasal \u00e7ekirdekle dengelenir. Yarg\u0131 Denetimi Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc D\u00f6nemde Daha da \u00d6nemlidir Temel haklar\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131, yarg\u0131 denetimi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131lamaz. Madde 15, tedbirlerin yarg\u0131 denetimli olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerin hukuk d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir alan h\u00e2line gelmesini \u00f6nleyen en \u00f6nemli g\u00fcvencelerden biridir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc haklara m\u00fcdahale artt\u0131k\u00e7a denetimin de daha dikkatli i\u015flemesi gerekir. Yarg\u0131 denetimi, al\u0131nan tedbirin ger\u00e7ekten zorunlu olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcy\u00fc a\u015f\u0131p a\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, kanuna dayan\u0131p dayanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve hakk\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc yok edip etmedi\u011fini inceleyebilir. Bu denetim yoksa ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nem tedbirleri kolayca keyf\u00eele\u015febilir. Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2llerde hukuk devleti ilkeleri ve anayasal denetim standartlar\u0131, bu noktada g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir referans alan\u0131 sunar. B\u00f6ylece temel haklar\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131, yarg\u0131sal g\u00fcvenceyle birlikte me\u015fru kal\u0131r. Kapsam, S\u00fcre ve Denetim A\u00e7\u0131k Olmal\u0131d\u0131r Temel haklar\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131, yaln\u0131zca neden yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131yla de\u011fil, nas\u0131l uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131yla da ilgilidir. Madde 15, tedbirlerin kapsam\u0131, s\u00fcresi ve denetiminin a\u00e7\u0131k kanuni usule ba\u011flanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, vatanda\u015f\u0131n ve kurumlar\u0131n neyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011funu bilmesini sa\u011flar. Belirsizlik, haklar alan\u0131nda en tehlikeli bo\u015fluklardan biridir. Bir tedbirin kapsam\u0131 bilinmiyorsa herkes kendisini potansiyel m\u00fcdahale alt\u0131nda hisseder. S\u00fcresi belli de\u011filse ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fcl\u00fck kal\u0131c\u0131 h\u00e2le gelebilir. Denetimi a\u00e7\u0131k de\u011filse hak arama yollar\u0131 zay\u0131flar. Bu y\u00fczden Madde 15, devletin kriz zamanlar\u0131nda bile a\u00e7\u0131k, hesap verebilir ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 davranmas\u0131n\u0131 ister. Temel haklar\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131, b\u00f6ylece hem kamu g\u00fcvenli\u011fini hem de hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fini birlikte koruyan dengeli bir anayasal \u00e7er\u00e7eveye kavu\u015fur. Son De\u011ferlendirme Temel haklar\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131, Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde devletin kriz zamanlar\u0131nda sahip olaca\u011f\u0131 yetkiyi a\u00e7\u0131k hukuk kurallar\u0131na ba\u011flayan \u00f6nemli bir h\u00fck\u00fcmd\u00fcr. Madde 15, sava\u015f, seferberlik ve ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2llerde haklar\u0131n ancak milletleraras\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler sakl\u0131 kalmak \u00fczere, durumun zorunlu k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ve kanunla ge\u00e7ici olarak s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilece\u011fini belirtir. Bu d\u00fczenleme, devlete hareket alan\u0131 verir; fakat bu alan\u0131 belirsiz, genel veya s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z yetkiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmez. Bu maddenin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc taraf\u0131, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde bile dokunulamaz hak ve g\u00fcvenceleri a\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde korumas\u0131d\u0131r. Ya\u015fama hakk\u0131, maddi ve manevi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, din, vicdan, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve kanaat \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6z\u00fc, su\u00e7 ve cezalar\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fe y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmemesi, masumiyet karinesi, savunma hakk\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fc, mahkemeye eri\u015fim ve etkili yarg\u0131sal ba\u015fvuru g\u00fcvencesi bu \u00e7ekirde\u011fin par\u00e7alar\u0131d\u0131r. Tedbirlerin zorunlu, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc, ge\u00e7ici ve yarg\u0131 denetimli olmas\u0131 ise ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerin hukuk d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir alana d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesini engeller. B\u00f6ylece temel haklar\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131, hem devletin kriz y\u00f6netme kapasitesini hem de insan onurunu koruyan dengeli bir anayasal g\u00fcvence h\u00e2line gelir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":78,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-77","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-genel-esaslar-ve-devlet-felsefesi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/77","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=77"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/77\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":79,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/77\/revisions\/79"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/78"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=77"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=77"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=77"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}