{"id":424,"date":"2026-06-21T08:48:43","date_gmt":"2026-06-21T08:48:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/?p=424"},"modified":"2026-06-21T08:48:43","modified_gmt":"2026-06-21T08:48:43","slug":"anayasa-degisikligi-madde-116","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/anayasa-degisikligi-madde-116\/","title":{"rendered":"Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131\u2019nda Anayasa De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi (Madde 116)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi<\/strong>, bir devletin temel hukuk d\u00fczenini g\u00fcncelleme yetkisidir; fakat bu yetki, anayasal d\u00fczenin kendi varl\u0131k sebebini ortadan kald\u0131racak kadar s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z olamaz. Anayasa ya\u015fayan bir metindir. Toplum de\u011fi\u015fir, kurumlar geli\u015fir, yeni hak alanlar\u0131 do\u011far, y\u00f6netim sorunlar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar ve zaman i\u00e7inde baz\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmler yenilenme ihtiyac\u0131 g\u00f6sterebilir. Ancak anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, ge\u00e7ici \u00e7o\u011funluklar\u0131n anayasal kimli\u011fi, temel haklar\u0131, yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, serbest se\u00e7imleri veya mill\u00ee egemenlik d\u00fczenini ortadan kald\u0131rabilece\u011fi bir g\u00fc\u00e7 alan\u0131 h\u00e2line gelirse, anayasa kendi kendini koruyamaz.<\/p>\n

Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131<\/a> i\u00e7inde Madde 116, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi konusunu \u00fc\u00e7 temel denge \u00fczerine kurar: T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisinin nitelikli \u00e7o\u011funlukla de\u011fi\u015fiklik yapabilmesi, halkoylamas\u0131n\u0131n me\u015fruiyet sa\u011flayan fakat anayasal \u00e7ekirde\u011fi ortadan kald\u0131ramayan bir yol olmas\u0131 ve Anayasa Mahkemesinin yaln\u0131z s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131, a\u011f\u0131r ihlal denetimi yapabilmesi. Bu yap\u0131, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini hem m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lar hem de de\u011fi\u015fiklik yetkisinin anayasal d\u00fczeni y\u0131kma arac\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesini engeller.<\/p>\n

Madde 116\u2019n\u0131n en hassas noktas\u0131, de\u011fi\u015ftirilemez h\u00fck\u00fcmler ile anayasal kimlik g\u00fcvenceleri aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a kurmas\u0131d\u0131r. Demokratik laik sosyal hukuk devleti, insan haklar\u0131, mill\u00ee egemenlik, serbest se\u00e7imler, yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, haklar\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fc, Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin parti hiyerar\u015fisine ba\u011flanmamas\u0131 ve liyakat g\u00fcvenceleri ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lamaz. Bu \u00e7ekirdek, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi usul\u00fcn\u00fcn yaln\u0131z \u00e7o\u011funluk hesab\u0131 de\u011fil, hukuk devleti ve kurucu irade s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 i\u00e7inde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

Madde metni: Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin usul ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131<\/h2>\n

Madde 116 \u2013 Anayasan\u0131n De\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi ve Halkoylamas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n asgari \u00fc\u00e7te biri (1\/3) taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131l\u0131 olarak teklif edilir. T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te iki (2\/3) \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fuyla kabul edilen de\u011fi\u015fiklikler, T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi ayn\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla halkoyuna sunulmas\u0131na karar verirse halkoyuna sunulur; aksi h\u00e2lde Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131nca yay\u0131mlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklik kanununu bir (1) kez daha g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmek \u00fczere T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisine geri g\u00f6nderebilir. T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi, metni \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te iki (2\/3) \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fuyla aynen kabul ederse de\u011fi\u015fiklik, T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisinin halkoyuna sunma karar\u0131 varsa halkoyuna sunulur; aksi h\u00e2lde Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131nca yay\u0131mlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Anayasan\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirilemeyecek h\u00fck\u00fcmleri, demokratik laik sosyal hukuk devleti, insan haklar\u0131, mill\u00ee egemenlik, serbest se\u00e7imler, yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, haklar\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fc, Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin parti hiyerar\u015fisine ba\u011flanmamas\u0131 ve liyakat g\u00fcvenceleri ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lamaz.<\/p>\n

Bu f\u0131krada yer alan anayasal kimlik g\u00fcvenceleri, 4. maddedeki teklif yasa\u011f\u0131 sakl\u0131 kalmak \u00fczere, Anayasa Mahkemesinin a\u011f\u0131r ihlal denetimi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7ekirdektir.<\/p>\n

Anayasa Mahkemesi anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikliklerini \u015fekil bak\u0131m\u0131ndan denetler. Anayasal kimlik g\u00fcvencelerine ili\u015fkin denetim yaln\u0131z de\u011fi\u015fiklik metninin a\u00e7\u0131k anlam\u0131 ve do\u011frudan hukuki sonucu \u00fczerinden, a\u011f\u0131r ihlal bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. Mahkeme yerindelik denetimi yapamaz, yeni norm kuramaz ve kurucu iradenin yerine ge\u00e7emez.<\/p>\n

Halkoylamas\u0131 sonucu, de\u011fi\u015ftirilemez h\u00fck\u00fcmleri veya anayasal kimlik \u00e7ekirde\u011fini ortadan kald\u0131ran a\u011f\u0131r ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7erli h\u00e2le getirmez. Halkoylamas\u0131 serbest, e\u015fit, gizli oy, a\u00e7\u0131k say\u0131m ve yarg\u0131 y\u00f6netimi ile denetimi alt\u0131nda yap\u0131l\u0131r. De\u011fi\u015fiklik usulleri halk\u0131n kurucu iradesini, T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisinin yetkisini, haklar\u0131 ve demokratik hukuk devleti g\u00fcvencelerini etkisiz k\u0131lamaz.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Bir anayasa neden de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilir olmal\u0131d\u0131r?<\/h2>\n

Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, anayasan\u0131n donmu\u015f ve toplumdan kopmu\u015f bir metne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesini \u00f6nler. Hi\u00e7bir anayasa, gelecekte ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacak b\u00fct\u00fcn toplumsal, teknolojik, ekonomik ve kurumsal meseleleri ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta eksiksiz \u00f6ng\u00f6remez. Yeni hak alanlar\u0131, yeni g\u00fcvenlik sorunlar\u0131, yeni denetim ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 veya kurumlar aras\u0131 i\u015fleyi\u015f problemleri zaman i\u00e7inde de\u011fi\u015fiklik gerektirebilir.<\/p>\n

Fakat anayasan\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilir olmas\u0131, onun her \u00e7o\u011funlukla ve her ama\u00e7la de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilece\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelmez. S\u0131radan kanun ile anayasa aras\u0131ndaki fark burada ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Kanunlar daha esnek de\u011fi\u015febilir; anayasa ise temel kurallar\u0131n, haklar\u0131n ve kurumlar\u0131n \u00e7er\u00e7evesidir. Bu nedenle anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi i\u00e7in daha y\u00fcksek teklif ve kabul \u015fartlar\u0131 aran\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Madde 116\u2019da teklif i\u00e7in T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n asgari \u00fc\u00e7te biri, kabul i\u00e7in ise \u00fc\u00e7te iki \u00e7o\u011funluk aran\u0131r. Bu oranlar, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini g\u00fcnl\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funluk karar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, geni\u015f uzla\u015fma gerektiren ciddi bir kurucu i\u015flem olarak ele al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7te bir teklif \u015fart\u0131 neyi sa\u011flar?<\/h2>\n

Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n asgari \u00fc\u00e7te biri taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131l\u0131 olarak teklif edilmesi, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi s\u00fcrecinin rastgele, bireysel veya \u00e7ok dar bir grubun giri\u015fimiyle ba\u015flat\u0131lamamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, geni\u015f bir temsil deste\u011fi olmadan g\u00fcndeme getirilemez.<\/p>\n

Bu \u015fart, de\u011fi\u015fiklik teklifinin ciddiyetini art\u0131r\u0131r. Bir anayasa maddesinin de\u011fi\u015fmesi, yaln\u0131z bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn veya ge\u00e7ici tepkinin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Teklif a\u015famas\u0131nda bile belirli b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte bir Meclis deste\u011fi aranmas\u0131, s\u00fcrecin kurumsal a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korur.<\/p>\n

Yaz\u0131l\u0131 teklif \u015fart\u0131 da \u00f6nemlidir. Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k metinle yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Belirsiz irade a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131, genel temenniler veya sonradan \u015fekillendirilecek siyasi taahh\u00fctler anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi teklifi yerine ge\u00e7memelidir. Metin ba\u015ftan g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr olmal\u0131; milletvekilleri, kurumlar ve kamuoyu neyin de\u011fi\u015ftirilece\u011fini anlayabilmelidir.<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7te iki \u00e7o\u011funluk: Ge\u00e7ici \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 anayasal e\u015fik<\/h2>\n

Madde 116, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin kabul\u00fc i\u00e7in T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te iki \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu arar. Bu \u00e7o\u011funluk, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin dar \u00e7o\u011funlukla yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyen temel g\u00fcvencedir. Anayasa, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun y\u00f6netme yetkisini tan\u0131r; fakat temel hukuk d\u00fczeninin de\u011fi\u015fmesi i\u00e7in daha geni\u015f mutabakat ister.<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7te iki \u00e7o\u011funluk, farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin m\u00fczakere edilmesini zorunlu k\u0131lar. Bu e\u015fik, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini aceleci ve tek tarafl\u0131 siyasi i\u015flem olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. De\u011fi\u015fiklik metni daha fazla kesimin itiraz\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6nerisini ve kayg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 dikkate almak zorunda kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Venedik Komisyonu\u2019nun anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikliklerine ili\u015fkin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f derlemesi<\/a>, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde usul, me\u015fruiyet, denge ve kurumsal g\u00fcvence sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemini g\u00f6steren kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmeler i\u00e7erir. Madde 116\u2019n\u0131n y\u00fcksek \u00e7o\u011funluk \u015fart\u0131 da anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi s\u00fcrecine geni\u015f me\u015fruiyet kazand\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lar.<\/p>\n

Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n geri g\u00f6nderme yetkisi neden s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r?<\/h2>\n

Madde 116\u2019ya g\u00f6re Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklik kanununu bir kez daha g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmek \u00fczere T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisine geri g\u00f6nderebilir. Bu yetki, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finde ikinci d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme mekanizmas\u0131d\u0131r. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131, de\u011fi\u015fiklik metninde g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sak\u0131nca, eksiklik veya kurumsal risk nedeniyle Meclisin metni tekrar de\u011ferlendirmesini isteyebilir.<\/p>\n

Ancak bu yetki s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z veto de\u011fildir. T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi metni \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te iki \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fuyla aynen kabul ederse de\u011fi\u015fiklik s\u00fcreci devam eder. Halkoyuna sunma karar\u0131 varsa halkoyuna gidilir; yoksa Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131nca yay\u0131mlan\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 s\u00fcreci sonsuza kadar bloke edemez.<\/p>\n

Bu d\u00fczenleme, temsil\u00ee g\u00f6zetim ile Meclis \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc aras\u0131nda denge kurar. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finde uyar\u0131c\u0131 rol oynayabilir; fakat kurucu yasama iradesinin yerine ge\u00e7emez.<\/p>\n

Halkoylamas\u0131: Me\u015fruiyet g\u00fcc\u00fc ve anayasal s\u0131n\u0131r<\/h2>\n

Madde 116\u2019da halkoylamas\u0131 zorunlu de\u011fil, T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisinin \u00fc\u00e7te iki \u00e7o\u011funlukla verece\u011fi karara ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Meclis ayn\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla halkoyuna sunma karar\u0131 verirse de\u011fi\u015fiklik halkoyuna sunulur; aksi h\u00e2lde Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131nca yay\u0131mlan\u0131r. Bu yap\u0131, halkoylamas\u0131n\u0131 demokratik me\u015fruiyeti g\u00fc\u00e7lendiren bir ara\u00e7 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr; fakat anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin her durumda halkoylamas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n

International IDEA\u2019n\u0131n do\u011frudan demokrasiye ili\u015fkin a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131<\/a>, halkoylamalar\u0131n\u0131 halk\u0131n anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, kanun veya belirli kamu meseleleri hakk\u0131nda do\u011frudan oy kullanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan kurumlar aras\u0131nda ele al\u0131r. Halkoylamas\u0131, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine do\u011frudan halk onay\u0131 ekleyebilir.<\/p>\n

Ancak Madde 116 halkoylamas\u0131na s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z kurucu g\u00fc\u00e7 tan\u0131maz. Halkoylamas\u0131 sonucu, de\u011fi\u015ftirilemez h\u00fck\u00fcmleri veya anayasal kimlik \u00e7ekirde\u011fini ortadan kald\u0131ran a\u011f\u0131r ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7erli h\u00e2le getirmez. Bu c\u00fcmle, \u00e7o\u011funluk iradesi ile anayasal \u00e7ekirdek aras\u0131ndaki temel s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

De\u011fi\u015ftirilemez h\u00fck\u00fcmler ve anayasal kimlik \u00e7ekirde\u011fi<\/h2>\n

Madde 116, de\u011fi\u015ftirilemeyecek h\u00fck\u00fcmler yan\u0131nda anayasal kimlik g\u00fcvencelerini de a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a sayar. Demokratik laik sosyal hukuk devleti, insan haklar\u0131, mill\u00ee egemenlik, serbest se\u00e7imler, yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, haklar\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fc, Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin parti hiyerar\u015fisine ba\u011flanmamas\u0131 ve liyakat g\u00fcvenceleri ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lamaz.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7ekirdek, anayasan\u0131n kimli\u011fini belirler. Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, anayasan\u0131n baz\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir; fakat anayasal d\u00fczenin temel y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc yok edemez. \u00d6rne\u011fin serbest se\u00e7imleri kald\u0131ran, yarg\u0131y\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctmeye ba\u011flayan, haklar\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etkisizle\u015ftiren, y\u00fcr\u00fctmeyi parti hiyerar\u015fisinin emrine sokan veya liyakat g\u00fcvencelerini ortadan kald\u0131ran bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik, bi\u00e7imsel olarak de\u011fi\u015fiklik usul\u00fcnden ge\u00e7se bile anayasal kimlik bak\u0131m\u0131ndan a\u011f\u0131r sorun do\u011furur.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi yetkisi, kurucu iktidar\u0131n yerine ge\u00e7en s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir yetki de\u011fildir. T\u00fcrev kurucu g\u00fc\u00e7, yani mevcut anayasa i\u00e7inde de\u011fi\u015fiklik yapma yetkisi, anayasan\u0131n kendi \u00e7ekirde\u011fiyle ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Anayasa Mahkemesi denetimi nerede ba\u015flar, nerede durur?<\/h2>\n

Madde 116, Anayasa Mahkemesinin anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikliklerini \u015fekil bak\u0131m\u0131ndan denetleyece\u011fini belirtir. Bu denetim teklif \u015fartlar\u0131, oylama \u00e7o\u011funluklar\u0131 ve zorunlu usuller gibi \u015fekil unsurlar\u0131na y\u00f6neliktir. Ancak madde, anayasal kimlik g\u00fcvenceleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir a\u011f\u0131r ihlal denetimi de getirir.<\/p>\n

Bu a\u011f\u0131r ihlal denetimi geni\u015f i\u00e7erik denetimi de\u011fildir. Mahkeme yaln\u0131z de\u011fi\u015fiklik metninin a\u00e7\u0131k anlam\u0131 ve do\u011frudan hukuki sonucu \u00fczerinden a\u011f\u0131r ihlal bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na bakar. Mahkeme yerindelik denetimi yapamaz, yeni norm kuramaz ve kurucu iradenin yerine ge\u00e7emez.<\/p>\n

Bu s\u0131n\u0131rlama \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Anayasa Mahkemesi, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini be\u011fenip be\u011fenmedi\u011fine g\u00f6re karar veremez. \u201cDaha iyi anayasa b\u00f6yle olurdu\u201d diyemez. Yeni anayasal model kuramaz. Sadece a\u00e7\u0131k ve do\u011frudan sonu\u00e7 itibar\u0131yla anayasal kimlik \u00e7ekirde\u011fini ortadan kald\u0131ran a\u011f\u0131r ihlal varsa devreye girer.<\/p>\n

Yerindelik denetimi yasa\u011f\u0131 neden \u00f6zellikle yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?<\/h2>\n

Madde 116, Anayasa Mahkemesinin yerindelik denetimi yapamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zellikle belirtir. Yerindelik denetimi, bir de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin siyasi, idari, toplumsal veya kurumsal a\u00e7\u0131dan uygun olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmektir. Bu de\u011ferlendirme mahkemenin de\u011fil, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi s\u00fcrecini y\u00fcr\u00fcten Meclisin ve gerekiyorsa halk\u0131n alan\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Mahkeme yerindelik denetimi yaparsa, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi yetkisi yarg\u0131sal tercihle s\u0131n\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f olur. Bu durum kurucu irade dengesini bozar. Ancak mahkeme hi\u00e7 denetim yapmazsa, anayasal kimlik \u00e7ekirde\u011fi a\u011f\u0131r bi\u00e7imde ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131labilir. Madde 116 bu iki u\u00e7 aras\u0131nda hassas bir s\u0131n\u0131r \u00e7izer.<\/p>\n

Venedik Komisyonu\u2019nun g\u00fcncel hukuk devleti kontrol listesi<\/a>, denge-denetim mekanizmalar\u0131 ve anayasal denetim gibi ara\u00e7lar\u0131n hukuk devleti bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemini ele al\u0131r. Madde 116\u2019daki s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r ihlal denetimi de anayasal denetimi kurucu iradenin yerine ge\u00e7meden i\u015fletme \u00e7abas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Halkoylamas\u0131 anayasal \u00e7ekirde\u011fi a\u015fabilir mi?<\/h2>\n

Madde 116\u2019n\u0131n en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinden biri, halkoylamas\u0131 sonucunun de\u011fi\u015ftirilemez h\u00fck\u00fcmleri veya anayasal kimlik \u00e7ekirde\u011fini ortadan kald\u0131ran a\u011f\u0131r ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7erli h\u00e2le getirmeyece\u011fini s\u00f6ylemesidir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, \u00e7o\u011funluk iradesi ile anayasal kimlik aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a \u00e7izer.<\/p>\n

Halkoylamas\u0131 \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir demokratik me\u015fruiyet arac\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak demokratik me\u015fruiyet, temel haklar\u0131n, serbest se\u00e7imlerin, yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n veya anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lamaz. Aksi h\u00e2lde halkoylamas\u0131, demokrasiyi koruyan ara\u00e7 olmaktan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p demokrasiyi kald\u0131ran araca d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilir.<\/p>\n

Venedik Komisyonu\u2019nun anayasa reformlar\u0131na ili\u015fkin de\u011ferlendirmelerinde halkoylamas\u0131n\u0131n me\u015fruiyeti g\u00fc\u00e7lendirebilece\u011fi; fakat y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin parlamenter de\u011fi\u015fiklik usullerini dolanma arac\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi vurgulan\u0131r. Madde 116\u2019da halkoylamas\u0131n\u0131n hem tan\u0131nmas\u0131 hem anayasal \u00e7ekirdekle s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 bu dengeye uygundur.<\/p>\n

Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi s\u00fcrecinin g\u00fcvenlik haritas\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
A\u015fama<\/th>\nMadde 116\u2019daki G\u00fcvence<\/th>\nKorunan De\u011fer<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Teklif<\/td>\nTBMM \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n en az \u00fc\u00e7te biri taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131l\u0131 teklif<\/td>\nCiddiyet, a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k ve temsil deste\u011fi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kabul<\/td>\nTBMM \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te iki \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu<\/td>\nGeni\u015f anayasal uzla\u015fma<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Geri g\u00f6nderme<\/td>\nCumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n bir kez yeniden g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme istemesi<\/td>\n\u0130kinci de\u011ferlendirme ve temsil\u00ee g\u00f6zetim<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Halkoylamas\u0131<\/td>\nTBMM\u2019nin ayn\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla karar vermesi h\u00e2linde uygulanmas\u0131<\/td>\nDo\u011frudan demokratik me\u015fruiyet<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Anayasal kimlik<\/td>\nDemokratik laik sosyal hukuk devleti, insan haklar\u0131, yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, liyakat ve di\u011fer \u00e7ekirdek g\u00fcvenceler<\/td>\nAnayasan\u0131n temel y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn korunmas\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mahkeme denetimi<\/td>\n\u015eekil denetimi ve a\u00e7\u0131k\/do\u011frudan a\u011f\u0131r ihlal denetimi<\/td>\nHukuk devleti ve kurucu irade dengesi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Bu harita, Madde 116\u2019n\u0131n anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini tek bir oylama an\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rmedi\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. Teklif, kabul, geri g\u00f6nderme, halkoylamas\u0131, anayasal kimlik ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 denetim birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 bir g\u00fcvenlik zinciri olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

Y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin parti hiyerar\u015fisine ba\u011flanmamas\u0131 neden \u00e7ekirdekte yer al\u0131r?<\/h2>\n

Madde 116\u2019n\u0131n anayasal kimlik \u00e7ekirde\u011fi i\u00e7inde y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin parti hiyerar\u015fisine ba\u011flanmamas\u0131 \u00f6zellikle dikkat \u00e7ekicidir. Bu g\u00fcvence, Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n genel sistemati\u011fiyle uyumludur. Y\u00fcr\u00fctme, kamu hizmetini ve devlet y\u00f6netimini parti organlar\u0131n\u0131n emir-komuta zincirine ba\u011flayamaz. Ba\u015fbakan ve Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresince parti \u00fcyesi olamaz. Kamu kurumlar\u0131 parti hiyerar\u015fisinin uzant\u0131s\u0131 h\u00e2line getirilemez.<\/p>\n

Bu ilkenin anayasal kimlik \u00e7ekirde\u011fine al\u0131nmas\u0131, de\u011fi\u015fiklik yoluyla liyakat esasl\u0131 tarafs\u0131z y\u00fcr\u00fctme modelinin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller. Yani anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi yap\u0131larak y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin yeniden parti hiyerar\u015fisine ba\u011flanmas\u0131, yaln\u0131z kurumsal tercih de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi de\u011fil, anayasal kimlik g\u00fcvencesine a\u011f\u0131r m\u00fcdahale olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n

Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, Madde 116\u2019n\u0131n Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131\u2019na \u00f6zg\u00fc karakterini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir. Burada anayasal kimlik yaln\u0131z klasik devlet nitelikleriyle de\u011fil, liyakat ve tarafs\u0131z kamu y\u00f6netimi g\u00fcvenceleriyle de tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Liyakat g\u00fcvenceleri neden de\u011fi\u015ftirilemez \u00e7ekirde\u011fe yak\u0131nd\u0131r?<\/h2>\n

Madde 116, liyakat g\u00fcvencelerinin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtir. Bu tercih, anayasa modelinin ana fikriyle do\u011frudan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. E\u011fer anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi yoluyla liyakat havuzlar\u0131, tarafs\u0131z kura, objektif yeterlik, denetlenebilir atama s\u00fcre\u00e7leri, kamu g\u00f6revinde tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k veya kurumsal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k g\u00fcvenceleri kald\u0131r\u0131labilirse, Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n temel omurgas\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6ker.<\/p>\n

Liyakat g\u00fcvenceleri, yaln\u0131z personel se\u00e7imi meselesi de\u011fildir. Yarg\u0131, se\u00e7im kurullar\u0131, Say\u0131\u015ftay, Merkez Bankas\u0131, d\u00fczenleyici kurumlar, kamu y\u00f6netimi ve anayasal denetim organlar\u0131 liyakat g\u00fcvenceleriyle kurumsal g\u00fcven kazan\u0131r. Bu g\u00fcvencelerin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, kamu g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc ki\u015fisel sadakat, kapal\u0131 kadrola\u015fma veya ge\u00e7ici \u00e7o\u011funluk etkisine a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle Madde 116, liyakat g\u00fcvencelerini anayasal kimlik alan\u0131na d\u00e2hil eder. Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi yap\u0131labilir; fakat sistemin liyakat esasl\u0131 karakteri ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lamaz.<\/p>\n

De\u011fi\u015fiklik usulleri kendi amac\u0131n\u0131 yok edebilir mi?<\/h2>\n

Madde 116\u2019n\u0131n son c\u00fcmlesi, de\u011fi\u015fiklik usullerinin halk\u0131n kurucu iradesini, T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisinin yetkisini, haklar\u0131 ve demokratik hukuk devleti g\u00fcvencelerini etkisiz k\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler. Bu c\u00fcmle, usul\u00fcn k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 genel koruma sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin de\u011fi\u015fiklik usul\u00fc \u00f6yle d\u00fczenlenebilir ki Meclis g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrde yetkili kal\u0131r ama fiilen etkisizle\u015fir. Halkoylamas\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrde yap\u0131l\u0131r ama serbest ve e\u015fit \u015fartlar ortadan kalkar. Haklar metinde kal\u0131r ama \u00f6zleri bo\u015falt\u0131l\u0131r. Yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde korunur ama mahkemeler y\u00fcr\u00fctme kontrol\u00fcne girer. Madde 116 bu t\u00fcr bi\u00e7imsel ama etkisizle\u015ftirici de\u011fi\u015fikliklere kar\u015f\u0131 anayasal uyar\u0131 niteli\u011findedir.<\/p>\n

Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, anayasan\u0131n kendisini imha eden bir ara\u00e7 olamaz. De\u011fi\u015fiklik yetkisi, anayasal d\u00fczeni geli\u015ftirmek ve g\u00fcncellemek i\u00e7in vard\u0131r; anayasal hukuk devletini bo\u015faltmak i\u00e7in de\u011fil.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7: Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi yenilenme yetkisidir, anayasal kimli\u011fi yok etme yetkisi de\u011fildir<\/h2>\n

Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde anayasal d\u00fczenin ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011funda yenilenmesini sa\u011flayan; fakat bu yenilenmeyi nitelikli \u00e7o\u011funluk, halkoylamas\u0131, de\u011fi\u015ftirilemez h\u00fck\u00fcmler, anayasal kimlik g\u00fcvenceleri ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 Anayasa Mahkemesi denetimiyle \u00e7evreleyen temel kurucu mekanizmad\u0131r. Madde 116, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n asgari \u00fc\u00e7te biri taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131l\u0131 teklif edilece\u011fini ve \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te iki \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fuyla kabul edilece\u011fini d\u00fczenler.<\/p>\n

Bu maddenin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc taraf\u0131, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi s\u00fcrecini yaln\u0131z \u00e7o\u011funluk hesab\u0131na b\u0131rakmamas\u0131d\u0131r. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklik kanununu bir kez daha g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmek \u00fczere T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisine geri g\u00f6nderebilir. Meclis ayn\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7te iki \u00e7o\u011funlukla metni aynen kabul ederse s\u00fcre\u00e7 devam eder. Meclis ayn\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla halkoyuna sunma karar\u0131 verirse halkoylamas\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r; aksi h\u00e2lde de\u011fi\u015fiklik yay\u0131mlan\u0131r. Halkoylamas\u0131 serbest, e\u015fit, gizli oy, a\u00e7\u0131k say\u0131m ve yarg\u0131 y\u00f6netimi ile denetimi alt\u0131nda yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak Madde 116, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lar; fakat anayasan\u0131n temel kimli\u011fini ortadan kald\u0131rma yetkisi vermez. Demokratik laik sosyal hukuk devleti, insan haklar\u0131, mill\u00ee egemenlik, serbest se\u00e7imler, yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, haklar\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fc, Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin parti hiyerar\u015fisine ba\u011flanmamas\u0131 ve liyakat g\u00fcvenceleri ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lamaz. Anayasa Mahkemesi yerindelik denetimi yapamaz, yeni norm kuramaz ve kurucu iradenin yerine ge\u00e7emez; ancak de\u011fi\u015fiklik metninin a\u00e7\u0131k anlam\u0131 ve do\u011frudan hukuki sonucu \u00fczerinden a\u011f\u0131r ihlal bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde inceleyebilir. Bu nedenle anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, bu anayasa modelinde yenilenme ihtiyac\u0131, nitelikli \u00e7o\u011funluk, halkoylamas\u0131, anayasal kimlik, de\u011fi\u015ftirilemez \u00e7ekirdek, s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 yarg\u0131sal denetim ve kurucu iradeye sayg\u0131<\/strong> aras\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f temel anayasal g\u00fcvenlik mekanizmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, bir devletin temel hukuk d\u00fczenini g\u00fcncelleme yetkisidir; fakat bu yetki, anayasal d\u00fczenin kendi varl\u0131k sebebini ortadan kald\u0131racak kadar s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z olamaz. Anayasa ya\u015fayan bir metindir. Toplum de\u011fi\u015fir, kurumlar geli\u015fir, yeni hak alanlar\u0131 do\u011far, y\u00f6netim sorunlar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar ve zaman i\u00e7inde baz\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmler yenilenme ihtiyac\u0131 g\u00f6sterebilir. Ancak anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, ge\u00e7ici \u00e7o\u011funluklar\u0131n anayasal kimli\u011fi, temel haklar\u0131, yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, serbest se\u00e7imleri veya mill\u00ee egemenlik d\u00fczenini ortadan kald\u0131rabilece\u011fi bir g\u00fc\u00e7 alan\u0131 h\u00e2line gelirse, anayasa kendi kendini koruyamaz. Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde Madde 116, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi konusunu \u00fc\u00e7 temel denge \u00fczerine kurar: T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisinin nitelikli \u00e7o\u011funlukla de\u011fi\u015fiklik yapabilmesi, halkoylamas\u0131n\u0131n me\u015fruiyet sa\u011flayan fakat anayasal \u00e7ekirde\u011fi ortadan kald\u0131ramayan bir yol olmas\u0131 ve Anayasa Mahkemesinin yaln\u0131z s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131, a\u011f\u0131r ihlal denetimi yapabilmesi. Bu yap\u0131, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini hem m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lar hem de de\u011fi\u015fiklik yetkisinin anayasal d\u00fczeni y\u0131kma arac\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesini engeller. Madde 116\u2019n\u0131n en hassas noktas\u0131, de\u011fi\u015ftirilemez h\u00fck\u00fcmler ile anayasal kimlik g\u00fcvenceleri aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a kurmas\u0131d\u0131r. Demokratik laik sosyal hukuk devleti, insan haklar\u0131, mill\u00ee egemenlik, serbest se\u00e7imler, yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, haklar\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fc, Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin parti hiyerar\u015fisine ba\u011flanmamas\u0131 ve liyakat g\u00fcvenceleri ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lamaz. Bu \u00e7ekirdek, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi usul\u00fcn\u00fcn yaln\u0131z \u00e7o\u011funluk hesab\u0131 de\u011fil, hukuk devleti ve kurucu irade s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 i\u00e7inde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Madde metni: Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin usul ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 Madde 116 \u2013 Anayasan\u0131n De\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi ve Halkoylamas\u0131 Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n asgari \u00fc\u00e7te biri (1\/3) taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131l\u0131 olarak teklif edilir. T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te iki (2\/3) \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fuyla kabul edilen de\u011fi\u015fiklikler, T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi ayn\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla halkoyuna sunulmas\u0131na karar verirse halkoyuna sunulur; aksi h\u00e2lde Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131nca yay\u0131mlan\u0131r. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklik kanununu bir (1) kez daha g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmek \u00fczere T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisine geri g\u00f6nderebilir. T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi, metni \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te iki (2\/3) \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fuyla aynen kabul ederse de\u011fi\u015fiklik, T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisinin halkoyuna sunma karar\u0131 varsa halkoyuna sunulur; aksi h\u00e2lde Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131nca yay\u0131mlan\u0131r. Anayasan\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirilemeyecek h\u00fck\u00fcmleri, demokratik laik sosyal hukuk devleti, insan haklar\u0131, mill\u00ee egemenlik, serbest se\u00e7imler, yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, haklar\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fc, Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin parti hiyerar\u015fisine ba\u011flanmamas\u0131 ve liyakat g\u00fcvenceleri ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lamaz. Bu f\u0131krada yer alan anayasal kimlik g\u00fcvenceleri, 4. maddedeki teklif yasa\u011f\u0131 sakl\u0131 kalmak \u00fczere, Anayasa Mahkemesinin a\u011f\u0131r ihlal denetimi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7ekirdektir. Anayasa Mahkemesi anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikliklerini \u015fekil bak\u0131m\u0131ndan denetler. Anayasal kimlik g\u00fcvencelerine ili\u015fkin denetim yaln\u0131z de\u011fi\u015fiklik metninin a\u00e7\u0131k anlam\u0131 ve do\u011frudan hukuki sonucu \u00fczerinden, a\u011f\u0131r ihlal bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. Mahkeme yerindelik denetimi yapamaz, yeni norm kuramaz ve kurucu iradenin yerine ge\u00e7emez. Halkoylamas\u0131 sonucu, de\u011fi\u015ftirilemez h\u00fck\u00fcmleri veya anayasal kimlik \u00e7ekirde\u011fini ortadan kald\u0131ran a\u011f\u0131r ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7erli h\u00e2le getirmez. Halkoylamas\u0131 serbest, e\u015fit, gizli oy, a\u00e7\u0131k say\u0131m ve yarg\u0131 y\u00f6netimi ile denetimi alt\u0131nda yap\u0131l\u0131r. De\u011fi\u015fiklik usulleri halk\u0131n kurucu iradesini, T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisinin yetkisini, haklar\u0131 ve demokratik hukuk devleti g\u00fcvencelerini etkisiz k\u0131lamaz. Bir anayasa neden de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilir olmal\u0131d\u0131r? Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, anayasan\u0131n donmu\u015f ve toplumdan kopmu\u015f bir metne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesini \u00f6nler. Hi\u00e7bir anayasa, gelecekte ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacak b\u00fct\u00fcn toplumsal, teknolojik, ekonomik ve kurumsal meseleleri ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta eksiksiz \u00f6ng\u00f6remez. Yeni hak alanlar\u0131, yeni g\u00fcvenlik sorunlar\u0131, yeni denetim ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 veya kurumlar aras\u0131 i\u015fleyi\u015f problemleri zaman i\u00e7inde de\u011fi\u015fiklik gerektirebilir. Fakat anayasan\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilir olmas\u0131, onun her \u00e7o\u011funlukla ve her ama\u00e7la de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilece\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelmez. S\u0131radan kanun ile anayasa aras\u0131ndaki fark burada ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Kanunlar daha esnek de\u011fi\u015febilir; anayasa ise temel kurallar\u0131n, haklar\u0131n ve kurumlar\u0131n \u00e7er\u00e7evesidir. Bu nedenle anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi i\u00e7in daha y\u00fcksek teklif ve kabul \u015fartlar\u0131 aran\u0131r. Madde 116\u2019da teklif i\u00e7in T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n asgari \u00fc\u00e7te biri, kabul i\u00e7in ise \u00fc\u00e7te iki \u00e7o\u011funluk aran\u0131r. Bu oranlar, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini g\u00fcnl\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funluk karar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, geni\u015f uzla\u015fma gerektiren ciddi bir kurucu i\u015flem olarak ele al\u0131n\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7te bir teklif \u015fart\u0131 neyi sa\u011flar? Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n asgari \u00fc\u00e7te biri taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131l\u0131 olarak teklif edilmesi, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi s\u00fcrecinin rastgele, bireysel veya \u00e7ok dar bir grubun giri\u015fimiyle ba\u015flat\u0131lamamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, geni\u015f bir temsil deste\u011fi olmadan g\u00fcndeme getirilemez. Bu \u015fart, de\u011fi\u015fiklik teklifinin ciddiyetini art\u0131r\u0131r. Bir anayasa maddesinin de\u011fi\u015fmesi, yaln\u0131z bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn veya ge\u00e7ici tepkinin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Teklif a\u015famas\u0131nda bile belirli b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte bir Meclis deste\u011fi aranmas\u0131, s\u00fcrecin kurumsal a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korur. Yaz\u0131l\u0131 teklif \u015fart\u0131 da \u00f6nemlidir. Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k metinle yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Belirsiz irade a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131, genel temenniler veya sonradan \u015fekillendirilecek siyasi taahh\u00fctler anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi teklifi yerine ge\u00e7memelidir. Metin ba\u015ftan g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr olmal\u0131; milletvekilleri, kurumlar ve kamuoyu neyin de\u011fi\u015ftirilece\u011fini anlayabilmelidir. \u00dc\u00e7te iki \u00e7o\u011funluk: Ge\u00e7ici \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 anayasal e\u015fik Madde 116, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin kabul\u00fc i\u00e7in T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te iki \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu arar. Bu \u00e7o\u011funluk, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin dar \u00e7o\u011funlukla yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyen temel g\u00fcvencedir. Anayasa, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun y\u00f6netme yetkisini tan\u0131r; fakat temel hukuk d\u00fczeninin de\u011fi\u015fmesi i\u00e7in daha geni\u015f mutabakat ister. \u00dc\u00e7te iki \u00e7o\u011funluk, farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin m\u00fczakere edilmesini zorunlu k\u0131lar. Bu e\u015fik, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini aceleci ve tek tarafl\u0131 siyasi i\u015flem olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. De\u011fi\u015fiklik metni daha fazla kesimin itiraz\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6nerisini ve kayg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 dikkate almak zorunda kal\u0131r. Venedik Komisyonu\u2019nun anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikliklerine ili\u015fkin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f derlemesi, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde usul, me\u015fruiyet, denge ve kurumsal g\u00fcvence sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemini g\u00f6steren kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmeler i\u00e7erir. Madde 116\u2019n\u0131n y\u00fcksek \u00e7o\u011funluk \u015fart\u0131 da anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi s\u00fcrecine geni\u015f me\u015fruiyet kazand\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lar. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n geri g\u00f6nderme yetkisi neden s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r? Madde 116\u2019ya g\u00f6re Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklik kanununu bir kez daha g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmek \u00fczere T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisine geri g\u00f6nderebilir. Bu yetki, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finde ikinci d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme mekanizmas\u0131d\u0131r. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131, de\u011fi\u015fiklik metninde g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sak\u0131nca, eksiklik veya kurumsal risk nedeniyle Meclisin metni tekrar de\u011ferlendirmesini isteyebilir. Ancak bu yetki s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z veto de\u011fildir. T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi metni \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te iki \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fuyla aynen kabul ederse de\u011fi\u015fiklik s\u00fcreci devam eder. Halkoyuna sunma karar\u0131 varsa halkoyuna gidilir; yoksa Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131nca yay\u0131mlan\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 s\u00fcreci sonsuza kadar bloke edemez. Bu d\u00fczenleme, temsil\u00ee g\u00f6zetim ile Meclis \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc aras\u0131nda denge kurar. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finde uyar\u0131c\u0131 rol oynayabilir; fakat kurucu yasama iradesinin yerine ge\u00e7emez. Halkoylamas\u0131: Me\u015fruiyet g\u00fcc\u00fc ve anayasal s\u0131n\u0131r Madde 116\u2019da halkoylamas\u0131 zorunlu de\u011fil, T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisinin \u00fc\u00e7te iki \u00e7o\u011funlukla verece\u011fi karara ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Meclis ayn\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla halkoyuna sunma karar\u0131 verirse de\u011fi\u015fiklik halkoyuna sunulur; aksi h\u00e2lde Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131nca yay\u0131mlan\u0131r. Bu yap\u0131, halkoylamas\u0131n\u0131 demokratik me\u015fruiyeti g\u00fc\u00e7lendiren bir ara\u00e7 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr; fakat anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin her durumda halkoylamas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lmaz. International IDEA\u2019n\u0131n do\u011frudan demokrasiye ili\u015fkin a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131, halkoylamalar\u0131n\u0131 halk\u0131n anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, kanun veya belirli kamu meseleleri hakk\u0131nda do\u011frudan oy kullanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan kurumlar aras\u0131nda ele al\u0131r. Halkoylamas\u0131, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine do\u011frudan halk onay\u0131 ekleyebilir. Ancak Madde 116 halkoylamas\u0131na s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z kurucu g\u00fc\u00e7 tan\u0131maz. Halkoylamas\u0131 sonucu, de\u011fi\u015ftirilemez h\u00fck\u00fcmleri veya anayasal kimlik \u00e7ekirde\u011fini ortadan kald\u0131ran a\u011f\u0131r ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7erli h\u00e2le getirmez. Bu c\u00fcmle, \u00e7o\u011funluk iradesi ile anayasal \u00e7ekirdek aras\u0131ndaki temel s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. De\u011fi\u015ftirilemez h\u00fck\u00fcmler ve anayasal kimlik \u00e7ekirde\u011fi Madde 116, de\u011fi\u015ftirilemeyecek h\u00fck\u00fcmler yan\u0131nda anayasal kimlik g\u00fcvencelerini de a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a sayar. Demokratik laik sosyal hukuk devleti, insan haklar\u0131, mill\u00ee egemenlik, serbest se\u00e7imler, yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, haklar\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fc, Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin parti hiyerar\u015fisine ba\u011flanmamas\u0131 ve liyakat g\u00fcvenceleri ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lamaz. Bu \u00e7ekirdek, anayasan\u0131n kimli\u011fini belirler. Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, anayasan\u0131n baz\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir; fakat anayasal d\u00fczenin temel y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc yok edemez. \u00d6rne\u011fin serbest se\u00e7imleri kald\u0131ran, yarg\u0131y\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctmeye ba\u011flayan, haklar\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etkisizle\u015ftiren, y\u00fcr\u00fctmeyi parti hiyerar\u015fisinin emrine sokan veya liyakat g\u00fcvencelerini ortadan kald\u0131ran bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik, bi\u00e7imsel olarak de\u011fi\u015fiklik usul\u00fcnden ge\u00e7se bile anayasal kimlik bak\u0131m\u0131ndan a\u011f\u0131r sorun do\u011furur. Bu nedenle anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi yetkisi, kurucu iktidar\u0131n yerine ge\u00e7en s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir yetki de\u011fildir. T\u00fcrev kurucu g\u00fc\u00e7, yani mevcut anayasa i\u00e7inde de\u011fi\u015fiklik yapma yetkisi, anayasan\u0131n kendi \u00e7ekirde\u011fiyle ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Anayasa Mahkemesi denetimi nerede ba\u015flar, nerede durur? Madde 116, Anayasa Mahkemesinin anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikliklerini \u015fekil bak\u0131m\u0131ndan denetleyece\u011fini belirtir. Bu denetim teklif \u015fartlar\u0131, oylama \u00e7o\u011funluklar\u0131 ve zorunlu usuller gibi \u015fekil unsurlar\u0131na y\u00f6neliktir. Ancak madde, anayasal kimlik g\u00fcvenceleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir a\u011f\u0131r ihlal denetimi de getirir. Bu a\u011f\u0131r ihlal denetimi geni\u015f i\u00e7erik denetimi de\u011fildir. Mahkeme yaln\u0131z de\u011fi\u015fiklik metninin a\u00e7\u0131k anlam\u0131 ve do\u011frudan hukuki sonucu \u00fczerinden a\u011f\u0131r ihlal bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na bakar. Mahkeme yerindelik denetimi yapamaz, yeni norm kuramaz ve kurucu iradenin yerine ge\u00e7emez. Bu s\u0131n\u0131rlama \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Anayasa Mahkemesi, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini be\u011fenip be\u011fenmedi\u011fine g\u00f6re karar veremez. \u201cDaha iyi anayasa b\u00f6yle olurdu\u201d diyemez. Yeni anayasal model kuramaz. Sadece a\u00e7\u0131k ve do\u011frudan sonu\u00e7 itibar\u0131yla anayasal kimlik \u00e7ekirde\u011fini ortadan kald\u0131ran a\u011f\u0131r ihlal varsa devreye girer. Yerindelik denetimi yasa\u011f\u0131 neden \u00f6zellikle yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r? Madde 116, Anayasa Mahkemesinin yerindelik denetimi yapamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zellikle belirtir. Yerindelik denetimi, bir de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin siyasi, idari, toplumsal veya kurumsal a\u00e7\u0131dan uygun olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmektir. Bu de\u011ferlendirme mahkemenin de\u011fil, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi s\u00fcrecini y\u00fcr\u00fcten Meclisin ve gerekiyorsa halk\u0131n alan\u0131ndad\u0131r. Mahkeme yerindelik denetimi yaparsa, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi yetkisi yarg\u0131sal tercihle s\u0131n\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f olur. Bu durum kurucu irade dengesini bozar. Ancak mahkeme hi\u00e7 denetim yapmazsa, anayasal kimlik \u00e7ekirde\u011fi a\u011f\u0131r bi\u00e7imde ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131labilir. Madde 116 bu iki u\u00e7 aras\u0131nda hassas bir s\u0131n\u0131r \u00e7izer. Venedik Komisyonu\u2019nun g\u00fcncel hukuk devleti kontrol listesi, denge-denetim mekanizmalar\u0131 ve anayasal denetim gibi ara\u00e7lar\u0131n hukuk devleti bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemini ele al\u0131r. Madde 116\u2019daki s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r ihlal denetimi de anayasal denetimi kurucu iradenin yerine ge\u00e7meden i\u015fletme \u00e7abas\u0131d\u0131r. Halkoylamas\u0131 anayasal \u00e7ekirde\u011fi a\u015fabilir mi? Madde 116\u2019n\u0131n en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinden biri, halkoylamas\u0131 sonucunun de\u011fi\u015ftirilemez h\u00fck\u00fcmleri veya anayasal kimlik \u00e7ekirde\u011fini ortadan kald\u0131ran a\u011f\u0131r ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7erli h\u00e2le getirmeyece\u011fini s\u00f6ylemesidir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, \u00e7o\u011funluk iradesi ile anayasal kimlik aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a \u00e7izer. Halkoylamas\u0131 \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir demokratik me\u015fruiyet arac\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak demokratik me\u015fruiyet, temel haklar\u0131n, serbest se\u00e7imlerin, yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n veya anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lamaz. Aksi h\u00e2lde halkoylamas\u0131, demokrasiyi koruyan ara\u00e7 olmaktan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p demokrasiyi kald\u0131ran araca d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilir. Venedik Komisyonu\u2019nun anayasa reformlar\u0131na ili\u015fkin de\u011ferlendirmelerinde halkoylamas\u0131n\u0131n me\u015fruiyeti g\u00fc\u00e7lendirebilece\u011fi; fakat y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin parlamenter de\u011fi\u015fiklik usullerini dolanma arac\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi vurgulan\u0131r. Madde 116\u2019da halkoylamas\u0131n\u0131n hem tan\u0131nmas\u0131 hem anayasal \u00e7ekirdekle s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 bu dengeye uygundur. Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi s\u00fcrecinin g\u00fcvenlik haritas\u0131 A\u015fama Madde 116\u2019daki G\u00fcvence Korunan De\u011fer Teklif TBMM \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n en az \u00fc\u00e7te biri taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131l\u0131 teklif Ciddiyet, a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k ve temsil deste\u011fi Kabul TBMM \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te iki \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu Geni\u015f anayasal uzla\u015fma Geri g\u00f6nderme Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n bir kez yeniden g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme istemesi \u0130kinci de\u011ferlendirme ve temsil\u00ee g\u00f6zetim Halkoylamas\u0131 TBMM\u2019nin ayn\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla karar vermesi h\u00e2linde uygulanmas\u0131 Do\u011frudan demokratik me\u015fruiyet Anayasal kimlik Demokratik laik sosyal hukuk devleti, insan haklar\u0131, yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, liyakat ve di\u011fer \u00e7ekirdek g\u00fcvenceler Anayasan\u0131n temel y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn korunmas\u0131 Mahkeme denetimi \u015eekil denetimi ve a\u00e7\u0131k\/do\u011frudan a\u011f\u0131r ihlal denetimi Hukuk devleti ve kurucu irade dengesi Bu harita, Madde 116\u2019n\u0131n anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini tek bir oylama an\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rmedi\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. Teklif, kabul, geri g\u00f6nderme, halkoylamas\u0131, anayasal kimlik ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 denetim birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 bir g\u00fcvenlik zinciri olu\u015fturur. Y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin parti hiyerar\u015fisine ba\u011flanmamas\u0131 neden \u00e7ekirdekte yer al\u0131r? Madde 116\u2019n\u0131n anayasal kimlik \u00e7ekirde\u011fi i\u00e7inde y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin parti hiyerar\u015fisine ba\u011flanmamas\u0131 \u00f6zellikle dikkat \u00e7ekicidir. Bu g\u00fcvence, Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n genel sistemati\u011fiyle uyumludur. Y\u00fcr\u00fctme, kamu hizmetini ve devlet y\u00f6netimini parti organlar\u0131n\u0131n emir-komuta zincirine ba\u011flayamaz. Ba\u015fbakan ve Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresince parti \u00fcyesi olamaz. Kamu kurumlar\u0131 parti hiyerar\u015fisinin uzant\u0131s\u0131 h\u00e2line getirilemez. Bu ilkenin anayasal kimlik \u00e7ekirde\u011fine al\u0131nmas\u0131, de\u011fi\u015fiklik yoluyla liyakat esasl\u0131 tarafs\u0131z y\u00fcr\u00fctme modelinin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller. Yani anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi yap\u0131larak y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin yeniden parti hiyerar\u015fisine ba\u011flanmas\u0131, yaln\u0131z kurumsal tercih de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi de\u011fil, anayasal kimlik g\u00fcvencesine a\u011f\u0131r m\u00fcdahale olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, Madde 116\u2019n\u0131n Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131\u2019na \u00f6zg\u00fc karakterini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir. Burada anayasal kimlik yaln\u0131z klasik devlet nitelikleriyle de\u011fil, liyakat ve tarafs\u0131z kamu y\u00f6netimi g\u00fcvenceleriyle de tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Liyakat g\u00fcvenceleri neden de\u011fi\u015ftirilemez \u00e7ekirde\u011fe yak\u0131nd\u0131r? Madde 116, liyakat g\u00fcvencelerinin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtir. Bu tercih, anayasa modelinin ana fikriyle do\u011frudan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. E\u011fer anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi yoluyla liyakat havuzlar\u0131, tarafs\u0131z kura, objektif yeterlik, denetlenebilir atama s\u00fcre\u00e7leri, kamu g\u00f6revinde tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k veya kurumsal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k g\u00fcvenceleri kald\u0131r\u0131labilirse, Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n temel omurgas\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6ker. Liyakat g\u00fcvenceleri, yaln\u0131z personel se\u00e7imi meselesi de\u011fildir. Yarg\u0131, se\u00e7im kurullar\u0131, Say\u0131\u015ftay, Merkez Bankas\u0131, d\u00fczenleyici kurumlar, kamu y\u00f6netimi ve anayasal denetim organlar\u0131 liyakat g\u00fcvenceleriyle kurumsal g\u00fcven kazan\u0131r. Bu g\u00fcvencelerin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, kamu g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc ki\u015fisel sadakat, kapal\u0131 kadrola\u015fma veya ge\u00e7ici \u00e7o\u011funluk etkisine a\u00e7ar. Bu nedenle Madde 116, liyakat g\u00fcvencelerini anayasal kimlik alan\u0131na d\u00e2hil eder. Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi yap\u0131labilir; fakat sistemin liyakat esasl\u0131 karakteri ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lamaz. De\u011fi\u015fiklik usulleri kendi amac\u0131n\u0131 yok edebilir mi? Madde 116\u2019n\u0131n son c\u00fcmlesi, de\u011fi\u015fiklik usullerinin halk\u0131n kurucu iradesini, T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisinin yetkisini, haklar\u0131 ve demokratik hukuk devleti g\u00fcvencelerini etkisiz k\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler. Bu c\u00fcmle, usul\u00fcn k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 genel koruma sa\u011flar. \u00d6rne\u011fin de\u011fi\u015fiklik usul\u00fc \u00f6yle d\u00fczenlenebilir ki Meclis g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrde yetkili kal\u0131r ama fiilen etkisizle\u015fir. Halkoylamas\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrde yap\u0131l\u0131r ama serbest ve e\u015fit \u015fartlar ortadan kalkar. Haklar metinde kal\u0131r ama \u00f6zleri bo\u015falt\u0131l\u0131r. Yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde korunur ama mahkemeler y\u00fcr\u00fctme kontrol\u00fcne girer. Madde 116 bu t\u00fcr bi\u00e7imsel ama etkisizle\u015ftirici de\u011fi\u015fikliklere kar\u015f\u0131 anayasal uyar\u0131 niteli\u011findedir. Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, anayasan\u0131n kendisini imha eden bir ara\u00e7 olamaz. De\u011fi\u015fiklik yetkisi, anayasal d\u00fczeni geli\u015ftirmek ve g\u00fcncellemek i\u00e7in vard\u0131r; anayasal hukuk devletini bo\u015faltmak i\u00e7in de\u011fil. Sonu\u00e7: Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi yenilenme yetkisidir, anayasal kimli\u011fi yok etme yetkisi de\u011fildir Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde anayasal d\u00fczenin ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011funda yenilenmesini sa\u011flayan; fakat bu yenilenmeyi nitelikli \u00e7o\u011funluk, halkoylamas\u0131, de\u011fi\u015ftirilemez h\u00fck\u00fcmler, anayasal kimlik g\u00fcvenceleri ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 Anayasa Mahkemesi denetimiyle \u00e7evreleyen temel kurucu mekanizmad\u0131r. Madde 116, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n asgari \u00fc\u00e7te biri taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131l\u0131 teklif edilece\u011fini ve \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te iki \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fuyla kabul edilece\u011fini d\u00fczenler. Bu maddenin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc taraf\u0131, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi s\u00fcrecini yaln\u0131z \u00e7o\u011funluk hesab\u0131na b\u0131rakmamas\u0131d\u0131r. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklik kanununu bir kez daha g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmek \u00fczere T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisine geri g\u00f6nderebilir. Meclis ayn\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7te iki \u00e7o\u011funlukla metni aynen kabul ederse s\u00fcre\u00e7 devam eder. Meclis ayn\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla halkoyuna sunma karar\u0131 verirse halkoylamas\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r; aksi h\u00e2lde de\u011fi\u015fiklik yay\u0131mlan\u0131r. Halkoylamas\u0131 serbest, e\u015fit, gizli oy, a\u00e7\u0131k say\u0131m ve yarg\u0131 y\u00f6netimi ile denetimi alt\u0131nda yap\u0131l\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7 olarak Madde 116, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lar; fakat anayasan\u0131n temel kimli\u011fini ortadan kald\u0131rma yetkisi vermez. Demokratik laik sosyal hukuk devleti, insan haklar\u0131, mill\u00ee egemenlik, serbest se\u00e7imler, yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, haklar\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fc, Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin parti hiyerar\u015fisine ba\u011flanmamas\u0131 ve liyakat g\u00fcvenceleri ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lamaz. Anayasa Mahkemesi yerindelik denetimi yapamaz, yeni norm kuramaz ve kurucu iradenin yerine ge\u00e7emez; ancak de\u011fi\u015fiklik metninin a\u00e7\u0131k anlam\u0131 ve do\u011frudan hukuki sonucu \u00fczerinden a\u011f\u0131r ihlal bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde inceleyebilir. Bu nedenle anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, bu anayasa modelinde yenilenme ihtiyac\u0131, nitelikli \u00e7o\u011funluk, halkoylamas\u0131, anayasal kimlik, de\u011fi\u015ftirilemez \u00e7ekirdek, s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 yarg\u0131sal denetim ve kurucu iradeye sayg\u0131 aras\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f temel anayasal g\u00fcvenlik mekanizmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":425,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-424","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-son-hukumler-guvence-kilitleri-ve-gecis-sureci"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/424","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=424"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/424\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":426,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/424\/revisions\/426"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/425"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=424"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=424"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=424"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}