{"id":388,"date":"2026-06-21T06:59:45","date_gmt":"2026-06-21T06:59:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/?p=388"},"modified":"2026-06-21T06:59:45","modified_gmt":"2026-06-21T06:59:45","slug":"yuksek-secim-kurulu-ve-secim-guvenceleri-madde-104","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/yuksek-secim-kurulu-ve-secim-guvenceleri-madde-104\/","title":{"rendered":"Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131\u2019nda Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulu ve Se\u00e7im G\u00fcvenceleri (Madde 104)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenceleri<\/strong>, millet iradesinin sand\u0131\u011fa serbest\u00e7e yans\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131, oylar\u0131n g\u00fcvenli bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, say\u0131m\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, se\u00e7im verilerinin do\u011frulanabilir olmas\u0131n\u0131 ve kesin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n kamu g\u00fcveni i\u00e7inde belirlenmesini sa\u011flayan anayasal koruma zinciridir. Bir se\u00e7im yaln\u0131z sand\u0131k g\u00fcn\u00fc oy kullanmaktan ibaret de\u011fildir. Adayl\u0131k s\u00fcreci, se\u00e7men k\u00fct\u00fckleri, propaganda ortam\u0131, kampanya finansman\u0131, kamu g\u00f6revlilerinin tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, kollu\u011fun davran\u0131\u015f\u0131, medya eri\u015fimi, dijital g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck, yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 oylar\u0131, tutanaklar\u0131n korunmas\u0131, itirazlar\u0131n incelenmesi ve kesin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n ilan\u0131 ayn\u0131 zincirin par\u00e7alar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu zincirin herhangi bir halkas\u0131 zay\u0131flarsa, se\u00e7im g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsa bile se\u00e7men iradesinin serbest ve g\u00fcvenilir bi\u00e7imde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olunamaz.<\/p>\n

Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131<\/a> i\u00e7inde Madde 104, Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulunu se\u00e7imlerin ve halkoylamalar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczen i\u00e7inde y\u00f6netilmesini, d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, g\u00fcvenli\u011fini ve kesin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesini sa\u011flayan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z anayasal se\u00e7im mercii olarak d\u00fczenler. Bu tan\u0131m, Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulunun yaln\u0131z takvim ilan eden veya sand\u0131k sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 toplayan teknik bir organ olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Kurul; adayl\u0131ktan kesin sonuca kadar se\u00e7im s\u00fcrecinin tamam\u0131nda anayasal g\u00fcvenlik, e\u015fitlik, \u015feffafl\u0131k ve yarg\u0131sal denetim sorumlulu\u011fu ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Madde 104\u2019\u00fcn en \u00f6nemli y\u00f6n\u00fc, se\u00e7im g\u00fcvencelerini yaln\u0131z klasik sand\u0131k g\u00fcvenli\u011fiyle s\u0131n\u0131rlamamas\u0131d\u0131r. Se\u00e7men k\u00fct\u00fckleri g\u00fcncel, do\u011frulanabilir ve itiraza a\u00e7\u0131k tutulur. Se\u00e7im verileri, tutanaklar, adayl\u0131k, kura, kampanya finansman\u0131, kamu yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, dijital g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck ve itiraz i\u015flemleri a\u00e7\u0131k, do\u011frulanabilir, e\u015fzamanl\u0131 ve sonradan denetlenebilir \u015fekilde korunur. Dijital ara\u00e7, veri hizmeti, yapay zek\u00e2, platform g\u00fcc\u00fc, \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc finansman veya yabanc\u0131 etkiyle se\u00e7im iradesi, adayl\u0131k e\u015fitli\u011fi ya da kamuoyunun serbest olu\u015fumu manip\u00fcle edilemez. B\u00f6ylece se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenceleri, hem sand\u0131k ba\u015f\u0131nda hem dijital alanda hem de kamu kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl bir anayasal korumaya kavu\u015fur.<\/p>\n

Se\u00e7im g\u00fcven zinciri nerede ba\u015flar?<\/h2>\n

Se\u00e7im g\u00fcven zinciri, oy verme g\u00fcn\u00fc ba\u015flamaz. \u00c7ok daha \u00f6nce, adayl\u0131k \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n e\u015fit uygulanmas\u0131yla, se\u00e7men k\u00fct\u00fcklerinin do\u011fru tutulmas\u0131yla, propaganda kurallar\u0131n\u0131n adil belirlenmesiyle ve kamu kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n tarafs\u0131z y\u00f6netilmesiyle ba\u015flar. Madde 104, bu y\u00fczden Kurulun adayl\u0131k, liste, kura, propaganda, finansman, oy verme, say\u0131m, itiraz, sonu\u00e7 ve se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenli\u011fi s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini Anayasaya uygun y\u00f6netece\u011fini belirtir.<\/p>\n

Bu s\u0131ralama \u00f6nemlidir. Adayl\u0131k s\u00fcreci adil de\u011filse, se\u00e7im g\u00fcn\u00fc sand\u0131k d\u00fczg\u00fcn kurulsa bile yar\u0131\u015f e\u015fit ba\u015flamam\u0131\u015f olur. Se\u00e7men k\u00fct\u00fckleri hatal\u0131ysa, oy kullanma hakk\u0131 k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde kalabilir. Kampanya finansman\u0131 karanl\u0131ksa, kamuoyu serbest olu\u015fmayabilir. Tutanaklar korunmuyorsa, a\u00e7\u0131k say\u0131m tek ba\u015f\u0131na g\u00fcven \u00fcretmez. \u0130tiraz yollar\u0131 etkili de\u011filse, se\u00e7im hatalar\u0131 sonu\u00e7 \u00fczerinde kal\u0131c\u0131 etki do\u011furabilir.<\/p>\n

Venedik Komisyonu\u2019nun iyi se\u00e7im uygulamalar\u0131 kodu<\/a>, se\u00e7im hukukunun yaln\u0131z oy verme an\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, se\u00e7im \u00f6ncesi, se\u00e7im g\u00fcn\u00fc ve se\u00e7im sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemi kapsamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini vurgulayan bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve sunar. Madde 104 de se\u00e7im g\u00fcvencelerini ayn\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckle ele al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Madde 104 \u2013 Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulu, Se\u00e7im Verileri ve Se\u00e7im G\u00fcvenceleri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulu, se\u00e7imlerin ve halkoylamalar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczen i\u00e7inde y\u00f6netilmesini, d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, g\u00fcvenli\u011fini ve kesin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesini sa\u011flayan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z anayasal se\u00e7im merciidir.<\/p>\n

Se\u00e7imler serbestlik, e\u015fitlik, gizli oy, a\u00e7\u0131k say\u0131m-d\u00f6k\u00fcm, genel oy, tek derecelilik, adayl\u0131k e\u015fitli\u011fi, sand\u0131k g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, \u015feffafl\u0131k, yarg\u0131 y\u00f6netimi ve denetimi esaslar\u0131yla yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kurul; adayl\u0131k, liste, kura, propaganda, finansman, oy verme, say\u0131m, itiraz, sonu\u00e7 ve se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenli\u011fi s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini Anayasaya uygun y\u00f6netir. Se\u00e7men k\u00fct\u00fckleri g\u00fcncel, do\u011frulanabilir ve itiraza a\u00e7\u0131k tutulur; kay\u0131t, adres, sand\u0131k veya liste i\u015flemleri se\u00e7me hakk\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131ramaz.<\/p>\n

Se\u00e7im verileri, tutanaklar, adayl\u0131k, kura, kampanya finansman\u0131, kamu yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, dijital g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck ve itiraz i\u015flemleri a\u00e7\u0131k, do\u011frulanabilir, e\u015fzamanl\u0131 ve sonradan denetlenebilir \u015fekilde korunur; ilk se\u00e7imlerde bu g\u00fcvence tam ve \u00f6ncelikli uygulan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n oy hakk\u0131; se\u00e7me hakk\u0131, oy g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, e\u015fitlik, say\u0131m g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve kesin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n makul s\u00fcrede ilan\u0131 korunarak kanunla d\u00fczenlenir.<\/p>\n

Se\u00e7im d\u00f6nemlerinde kamu g\u00f6revlileri yetkilerini aday destekleme, engelleme, se\u00e7men y\u00f6nlendirme veya hizmete eri\u015fimi se\u00e7men tercihini etkileyecek bi\u00e7imde kullanamaz. Kolluk birimleri Kurul karar ve talimatlar\u0131na uygun, tarafs\u0131z ve e\u015fit g\u00f6rev yapar.<\/p>\n

Dijital ara\u00e7, veri hizmeti, yapay zek\u00e2, platform g\u00fcc\u00fc, \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc finansman veya yabanc\u0131 etkiyle se\u00e7im iradesi, adayl\u0131k e\u015fitli\u011fi ya da kamuoyunun serbest olu\u015fumu manip\u00fcle edilemez.<\/p>\n

Kurul kampanya e\u015fitli\u011fi i\u00e7in denetimsiz destekleri durdurabilir, a\u00e7\u0131klatt\u0131rabilir, dengeleyici tedbir alabilir ve yapt\u0131r\u0131m uygulayabilir; kesin adaylara kamu yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda e\u015fit s\u00fcre ve dijital platformlarda \u015feffaf g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulu on bir (11) \u00fcyeden olu\u015fur. \u00dcyelerin s\u00fcresi alt\u0131 (6) y\u0131ld\u0131r; kademeli yenilenir ve yeniden \u00fcyelik olmaz. Kurulda y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131 veya nitelikli h\u00e2kim-savc\u0131lardan alt\u0131 (6), se\u00e7im ve kamu hukuku akademisyenlerinden \u00fc\u00e7 (3), barolardan iki (2) \u00fcye bulunur.<\/p>\n

\u00dcyeliklerde 56. maddedeki liyakat havuzu ve tarafs\u0131z kura g\u00fcvenceleri uygulan\u0131r. Anayasa Mahkemesinin \u015fekli g\u00f6zetimi havuzun kesinle\u015fmesi, kura usul\u00fc, tutanak g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve itirazlar\u0131n usulden incelenmesiyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kurulun ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, se\u00e7im ve veri g\u00fcvenli\u011fi kapasitesi ile kesin sonu\u00e7 yetkisi 119. maddeye g\u00f6re korunur.<\/p>\n

Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulunun se\u00e7im i\u015flerine, itirazlara ve kesin sonu\u00e7lara ili\u015fkin kararlar\u0131 kesindir; bu kesinlik, se\u00e7me ve se\u00e7ilme hakk\u0131n\u0131, adayl\u0131k e\u015fitli\u011fini veya se\u00e7im sonucunu etkileyen a\u00e7\u0131k ve a\u011f\u0131r anayasal ihlal iddialar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 anayasal g\u00fcvence denetimine g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclmesine engel de\u011fildir. Bu ba\u015fvuru se\u00e7im takvimini belirsiz bi\u00e7imde durduramaz ve Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulunun se\u00e7im y\u00f6netimi g\u00f6revini devralma sonucu do\u011furamaz.<\/p>\n

Kurulun kurulu\u015fu, ba\u015fkanl\u0131k yap\u0131s\u0131, \u00fcyeliklerin bo\u015falmas\u0131, ge\u00e7ici vek\u00e2let, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma usul\u00fc, karar yeter say\u0131lar\u0131, se\u00e7im te\u015fkilat\u0131, b\u00fct\u00e7esi, veri g\u00fcvenli\u011fi altyap\u0131s\u0131 ve denetim usulleri; se\u00e7imlerin serbestli\u011fi, d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, kesin sonu\u00e7 yetkisi, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k ve 56 ile 119. madde g\u00fcvenceleri korunarak kanunla d\u00fczenlenir.<\/p>\n

Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulu; se\u00e7im veri altyap\u0131s\u0131, adayl\u0131k kay\u0131t sistemi, kura kay\u0131tlar\u0131, kampanya finansman\u0131, dijital g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck denetimi, sand\u0131k sonu\u00e7 ak\u0131\u015f\u0131, yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 oy s\u00fcre\u00e7leri ve itiraz kay\u0131tlar\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u00fcrekli, g\u00fcvenli ve denetlenebilir teknik kapasite olu\u015fturur. Teknik destek birimleri karar yetkisi kullanamaz; nihai yetki ve sorumluluk Kurula aittir.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Serbest, e\u015fit, gizli ve a\u00e7\u0131k: Se\u00e7imin d\u00f6rt temel zemini<\/h2>\n

Madde 104, se\u00e7imlerin serbestlik, e\u015fitlik, gizli oy, a\u00e7\u0131k say\u0131m-d\u00f6k\u00fcm, genel oy, tek derecelilik, adayl\u0131k e\u015fitli\u011fi, sand\u0131k g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, \u015feffafl\u0131k, yarg\u0131 y\u00f6netimi ve denetimi esaslar\u0131yla yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Bu ilkeler birlikte d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmelidir. Gizli oy olmadan se\u00e7men bask\u0131dan korunamaz. A\u00e7\u0131k say\u0131m olmadan kullan\u0131lan oyun do\u011fru say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00fcvenilemez. Genel oy olmadan vatanda\u015flar\u0131n se\u00e7ime kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 daralt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olur. E\u015fitlik olmadan se\u00e7menler veya adaylar aras\u0131nda haks\u0131z avantaj do\u011far.<\/p>\n

Se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenceleri, bu ilkelerin her birini ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 korur. Se\u00e7men oyunu serbest\u00e7e kullanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Sand\u0131k kurulu say\u0131m\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k yapmal\u0131d\u0131r. Adaylar yar\u0131\u015fa e\u015fit \u015fartlarda kat\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Se\u00e7men k\u00fct\u00fc\u011f\u00fc se\u00e7me hakk\u0131n\u0131 engellememelidir. Kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc tarafs\u0131z kalmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kurulun kararlar\u0131 s\u00fcreci y\u00f6netmeli; fakat se\u00e7im iradesinin yerine ge\u00e7memelidir.<\/p>\n

Venedik Komisyonu\u2019nun se\u00e7im hukukunun temel ilkelerini a\u00e7\u0131klayan g\u00fcncel metni<\/a>, evrensel, e\u015fit, serbest, gizli ve do\u011frudan oy ilkelerini demokratik se\u00e7imlerin anayasal temeli olarak ele al\u0131r. Madde 104, bu ilkeleri T\u00fcrk anayasal se\u00e7im d\u00fczeninin merkezine yerle\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n

Se\u00e7men k\u00fct\u00fc\u011f\u00fc: G\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyen ama belirleyici g\u00fcvence<\/h2>\n

Se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenli\u011fi \u00e7o\u011fu zaman sand\u0131k ba\u015f\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcr. Oysa se\u00e7men k\u00fct\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hatal\u0131ysa, sand\u0131k g\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00fcvenli\u011fi tek ba\u015f\u0131na yeterli olmaz. Madde 104, se\u00e7men k\u00fct\u00fcklerinin g\u00fcncel, do\u011frulanabilir ve itiraza a\u00e7\u0131k tutulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131; kay\u0131t, adres, sand\u0131k veya liste i\u015flemlerinin se\u00e7me hakk\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131ramayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zellikle d\u00fczenler.<\/p>\n

Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm vatanda\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok somuttur. Ki\u015finin adres kayd\u0131 hatal\u0131 i\u015flenmi\u015f olabilir. Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015f belirlenmi\u015f olabilir. Se\u00e7men listesinde ad\u0131 eksik olabilir. Yurt i\u00e7i veya yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kayd\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilir. Bu t\u00fcr teknik i\u015flemler se\u00e7me hakk\u0131n\u0131 fiilen ortadan kald\u0131ramaz. Vatanda\u015f\u0131n kay\u0131t hatas\u0131na itiraz edebilmesi, kayd\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulayabilmesi ve se\u00e7im g\u00fcn\u00fc oy hakk\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n

Buradaki g\u00fcvence, idari kay\u0131t sisteminin se\u00e7men iradesinin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mesini engeller. Se\u00e7men k\u00fct\u00fc\u011f\u00fc se\u00e7im hakk\u0131na hizmet etmelidir; se\u00e7im hakk\u0131n\u0131 daraltan teknik engel h\u00e2line gelmemelidir.<\/p>\n

Sand\u0131k tutana\u011f\u0131 art\u0131k yaln\u0131z k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t de\u011fildir<\/h2>\n

Madde 104, se\u00e7im verileri ve tutanaklar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k, do\u011frulanabilir, e\u015fzamanl\u0131 ve sonradan denetlenebilir \u015fekilde korunmas\u0131n\u0131 ister. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenli\u011fi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yeni bir a\u015famay\u0131 ifade eder. Eskiden se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenli\u011fi daha \u00e7ok sand\u0131k ba\u015f\u0131ndaki say\u0131m ve fiziksel tutanak \u00fczerinden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bug\u00fcn ise veri ak\u0131\u015f\u0131, dijital kay\u0131t, sonu\u00e7 aktar\u0131m\u0131, itiraz sistemi ve sonradan denetlenebilirlik ayn\u0131 derecede \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n

Sand\u0131k tutana\u011f\u0131 yaln\u0131z sand\u0131k kurulunun imzalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belge olarak kalmaz; veriye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr, merkeze aktar\u0131l\u0131r, kamuoyuyla payla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r, itirazlarda delil olur ve kesin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131 h\u00e2line gelir. Bu nedenle tutanak ile veri aras\u0131nda kopukluk olmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Sand\u0131kta g\u00f6r\u00fclen sonu\u00e7, dijital sisteme ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde ve izlenebilir \u015fekilde yans\u0131mal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

OSCE\/ODIHR\u2019in se\u00e7im g\u00f6zlem rehberi<\/a>, se\u00e7imlerin yaln\u0131z oy verme g\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fil; adayl\u0131k, kampanya, medya, kamu idaresi, oy say\u0131m\u0131, sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n ilan\u0131 ve itiraz s\u00fcre\u00e7leriyle birlikte de\u011ferlendirildi\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. Madde 104\u2019\u00fcn veri ve tutanak g\u00fcvenli\u011fini birlikte d\u00fczenlemesi de bu geni\u015f se\u00e7im b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na uygundur.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk se\u00e7imlerde tam ve \u00f6ncelikli uygulama neden yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?<\/h2>\n

Madde 104, se\u00e7im verileri, tutanaklar, adayl\u0131k, kura, kampanya finansman\u0131, kamu yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, dijital g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck ve itiraz i\u015flemleri i\u00e7in getirilen a\u00e7\u0131k, do\u011frulanabilir, e\u015fzamanl\u0131 ve sonradan denetlenebilir koruman\u0131n ilk se\u00e7imlerde tam ve \u00f6ncelikli uygulanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Bu ifade, se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenli\u011finin ertelenebilir bir hedef olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 anayasal g\u00fcvenceler ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u00fcrecinde a\u015famal\u0131 uygulanabilir. Ancak se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenceleri, sistemin me\u015fruiyet kayna\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ilk se\u00e7imden itibaren g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc i\u015flemelidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ilk se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenilmez olursa, sonraki anayasal kurumlar\u0131n me\u015fruiyeti de tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 h\u00e2le gelir.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle Madde 104, ilk se\u00e7imlerde veri altyap\u0131s\u0131, tutanak g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, adayl\u0131k kayd\u0131, kura kayd\u0131, kampanya finansman\u0131, dijital g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck ve itiraz kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n tam ve \u00f6ncelikli kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 ister. Se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, sonraya b\u0131rak\u0131lacak teknik proje de\u011fil, anayasal d\u00fczenin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 \u015fart\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kamu g\u00f6revlisi se\u00e7im d\u00f6neminde tarafs\u0131z kalmaza?<\/h2>\n

Se\u00e7im d\u00f6nemlerinde kamu g\u00f6revlileri yetkilerini aday destekleme, aday engelleme, se\u00e7men y\u00f6nlendirme veya hizmete eri\u015fimi se\u00e7men tercihini etkileyecek bi\u00e7imde kullanamaz. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, kamu g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn se\u00e7im yar\u0131\u015f\u0131na taraf olarak kat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller. Kamu g\u00f6revlisi, hizmet verdi\u011fi ki\u015fiye se\u00e7men gibi de\u011fil vatanda\u015f gibi davranmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bir kamu g\u00f6revlisinin sosyal yard\u0131m, ruhsat, denetim, kolluk, e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k, belediye hizmeti, vergi, tapu veya ba\u015fka bir kamu hizmetini aday lehine veya aleyhine kullanmas\u0131 se\u00e7im e\u015fitli\u011fini bozar. Kamu hizmetleri se\u00e7men davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6nlendirme arac\u0131 yap\u0131lamaz. Kolluk birimlerinin Kurul karar ve talimatlar\u0131na uygun, tarafs\u0131z ve e\u015fit g\u00f6rev yapmas\u0131 da bu nedenle ayr\u0131ca d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

International IDEA\u2019n\u0131n se\u00e7im y\u00f6netiminde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131<\/a>, se\u00e7im y\u00f6netimine duyulan kamu g\u00fcveninin ve tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n demokratik s\u00fcre\u00e7ler i\u00e7in kritik oldu\u011funu belirtir. Madde 104\u2019te kamu g\u00f6revlileri ve kolluk i\u00e7in getirilen tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k ilkesi de bu g\u00fcvenin kamu y\u00f6netimi aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kurar.<\/p>\n

Dijital se\u00e7im alan\u0131: Yeni sand\u0131k \u00e7evresi<\/h2>\n

Madde 104, dijital ara\u00e7, veri hizmeti, yapay zek\u00e2, platform g\u00fcc\u00fc, \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc finansman veya yabanc\u0131 etkiyle se\u00e7im iradesinin, adayl\u0131k e\u015fitli\u011finin ya da kamuoyunun serbest olu\u015fumunun manip\u00fcle edilemeyece\u011fini d\u00fczenler. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenli\u011fini fiziksel sand\u0131kla s\u0131n\u0131rlamayan \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f bir anlay\u0131\u015f ta\u015f\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc se\u00e7men iradesi yaln\u0131z sand\u0131k ba\u015f\u0131nda de\u011fil, se\u00e7im \u00f6ncesi bilgi ortam\u0131nda da \u015fekillenir.<\/p>\n

Yapay zek\u00e2 ile \u00fcretilmi\u015f sahte g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler, bot a\u011flar\u0131, hedefli dezenformasyon, g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez reklam harcamalar\u0131, platform algoritmalar\u0131, yabanc\u0131 kaynakl\u0131 veri operasyonlar\u0131 veya \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc kampanya finansman\u0131 se\u00e7menin bilgiye dayal\u0131 karar verme imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131 zedeleyebilir. Bu nedenle se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenceleri, dijital g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck ve \u00e7evrim i\u00e7i kampanya alan\u0131n\u0131 da kapsamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

OECD\u2019nin dijital demokrasi ve se\u00e7im b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc de\u011ferlendirmesi<\/a>, se\u00e7im b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, siyasi reklam ve \u00e7evrim i\u00e7i kampanya finansman\u0131 alanlar\u0131nda d\u00fczenleme bo\u015fluklar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcndeme geldi\u011fini belirtir. Madde 104, bu sorunlar\u0131 do\u011frudan anayasal se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenceleri i\u00e7ine al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kampanya e\u015fitli\u011fi yaln\u0131z para meselesi de\u011fildir<\/h2>\n

Madde 104\u2019e g\u00f6re Kurul kampanya e\u015fitli\u011fi i\u00e7in denetimsiz destekleri durdurabilir, a\u00e7\u0131klatt\u0131rabilir, dengeleyici tedbir alabilir ve yapt\u0131r\u0131m uygulayabilir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm kampanya finansman\u0131n\u0131 yaln\u0131z ba\u011f\u0131\u015f veya harcama kayd\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rmez. Se\u00e7imde g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyen destekler de e\u015fitli\u011fi bozabilir.<\/p>\n

Denetimsiz destek bazen para aktar\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. Bazen medya avantaj\u0131d\u0131r. Bazen kamu kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bazen platform g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bazen dijital reklam deste\u011fidir. Bazen yabanc\u0131 veri hizmetidir. Bazen g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc gibi g\u00f6sterilen profesyonel \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmedir. Se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenceleri, bu destekleri g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr ve denetlenebilir h\u00e2le getirmelidir.<\/p>\n

Kesin adaylara kamu yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda e\u015fit s\u00fcre ve dijital platformlarda \u015feffaf g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck sa\u011flanmas\u0131 bu a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6nemlidir. Se\u00e7men farkl\u0131 adaylara ula\u015fabilmeli, adaylar da kamuoyuna kendini anlatma imk\u00e2n\u0131nda temel adalet g\u00fcvencesine sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 oy hakk\u0131: Mesafe hak kayb\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015femez<\/h2>\n

Madde 104, yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n oy hakk\u0131n\u0131n se\u00e7me hakk\u0131, oy g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, e\u015fitlik, say\u0131m g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve kesin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n makul s\u00fcrede ilan\u0131 korunarak kanunla d\u00fczenlenece\u011fini belirtir. Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ya\u015famak, vatanda\u015f\u0131n se\u00e7im hakk\u0131n\u0131n zay\u0131flamas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmemelidir.<\/p>\n

Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 oy s\u00fcreci teknik olarak daha karma\u015f\u0131kt\u0131r. Sand\u0131k yerleri, temsilcilikler, posta veya elektronik olmayan g\u00fcvenli y\u00f6ntemler, oylar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131, say\u0131m\u0131, saklanmas\u0131, itiraz\u0131 ve sonu\u00e7lara eklenmesi \u00f6zel d\u00fczenleme gerektirir. Ancak teknik zorluk, se\u00e7me hakk\u0131n\u0131 daraltma gerek\u00e7esi yap\u0131lamaz.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle Madde 104, yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 oy hakk\u0131n\u0131 yaln\u0131z kanuna b\u0131rakmaz; kanunun uymas\u0131 gereken anayasal ilkeleri de yazar. Oy g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, e\u015fitlik, say\u0131m g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve makul s\u00fcrede kesin sonu\u00e7 ilan\u0131 birlikte korunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulu nas\u0131l olu\u015fur?<\/h2>\n

Madde 104, Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulunun on bir \u00fcyeden olu\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenler. \u00dcyelerin s\u00fcresi alt\u0131 y\u0131ld\u0131r; kademeli yenilenir ve yeniden \u00fcyelik olmaz. Kurulda y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131 veya nitelikli h\u00e2kim-savc\u0131lardan alt\u0131, se\u00e7im ve kamu hukuku akademisyenlerinden \u00fc\u00e7, barolardan iki \u00fcye bulunur.<\/p>\n

Bu yap\u0131, Kurulun yaln\u0131z yarg\u0131 k\u00f6kenli kapal\u0131 bir organ veya yaln\u0131z akademik dan\u0131\u015fma kurulu olmamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131 ve nitelikli h\u00e2kim-savc\u0131lar yarg\u0131sal g\u00fcvence ve usul deneyimi getirir. Se\u00e7im ve kamu hukuku akademisyenleri sistem tasar\u0131m\u0131, se\u00e7im hukuku, anayasal ilkeler ve kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 bilgi sa\u011flar. Barolar ise savunma, hak arama ve se\u00e7im s\u00fcrecinde bireysel ba\u015fvuru\/itiraz duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan katk\u0131 sunar.<\/p>\n

Alt\u0131 y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre, kademeli yenilenme ve yeniden \u00fcyelik yasa\u011f\u0131 da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Kurul \u00fcyeleri yeniden se\u00e7ilme beklentisi ta\u015f\u0131madan g\u00f6rev yapmal\u0131; Kurul bir anda tamamen de\u011fi\u015fmemeli; se\u00e7im haf\u0131zas\u0131 korunurken d\u00f6nemsel \u00e7o\u011funluk etkisi azalt\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

56. madde ve Anayasa Mahkemesinin \u015fekli g\u00f6zetimi<\/h2>\n

Madde 104, Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulu \u00fcyeliklerinde 56. maddedeki liyakat havuzu ve tarafs\u0131z kura g\u00fcvencelerinin uygulanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Bu, \u00fcyelik s\u00fcrecinin kapal\u0131 kontenjan, d\u00f6nemsel \u00e7o\u011funluk veya ki\u015fisel sadakat ili\u015fkisiyle belirlenmesini \u00f6nlemeyi ama\u00e7lar. \u00d6nce liyakat havuzu olu\u015fur, \u015fartlar denetlenir, itirazlar incelenir; ard\u0131ndan tarafs\u0131z kura g\u00fcvencesi devreye girer.<\/p>\n

Anayasa Mahkemesinin \u015fekli g\u00f6zetimi ise s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu g\u00f6zetim havuzun kesinle\u015fmesi, kura usul\u00fc, tutanak g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve itirazlar\u0131n usulden incelenmesiyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. Anayasa Mahkemesi, Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulunun yerine ge\u00e7erek se\u00e7im y\u00f6netimini devralmaz. Sadece \u00fcyelik s\u00fcrecinde anayasal usul g\u00fcvencelerinin i\u015fletilip i\u015fletilmedi\u011fini \u015feklen g\u00f6zetir.<\/p>\n

Bu ayr\u0131m, iki anayasal organ aras\u0131ndaki dengeyi korur. YSK se\u00e7im y\u00f6netiminden sorumludur. Anayasa Mahkemesi, s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 \u015fekli g\u00f6zetimle liyakat ve kura s\u00fcrecinin anayasal g\u00fcvencelere uygun y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesine katk\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

Kesin karar ama s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z dokunulmazl\u0131k de\u011fil<\/h2>\n

Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulunun se\u00e7im i\u015flerine, itirazlara ve kesin sonu\u00e7lara ili\u015fkin kararlar\u0131 kesindir. Bu kesinlik, se\u00e7im takviminin belirsiz bi\u00e7imde uzamas\u0131n\u0131 ve se\u00e7im sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrekli tart\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7inde kalmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler. Se\u00e7imlerin bir noktada kesin sonuca ba\u011flanmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n

Ancak Madde 104, bu kesinli\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z dokunulmazl\u0131k olarak d\u00fczenlemez. Se\u00e7me ve se\u00e7ilme hakk\u0131n\u0131, adayl\u0131k e\u015fitli\u011fini veya se\u00e7im sonucunu etkileyen a\u00e7\u0131k ve a\u011f\u0131r anayasal ihlal iddialar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 anayasal g\u00fcvence denetimine g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclebilir. Bu ba\u015fvuru se\u00e7im takvimini belirsiz bi\u00e7imde durduramaz ve YSK\u2019n\u0131n se\u00e7im y\u00f6netimi g\u00f6revini devralma sonucu do\u011furamaz.<\/p>\n

Bu denge son derece hassast\u0131r. Bir yandan se\u00e7im sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 kesinle\u015fmeli ve \u00fclke y\u00f6netimi belirsizlik i\u00e7inde kalmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Di\u011fer yandan a\u00e7\u0131k ve a\u011f\u0131r anayasal ihlal iddialar\u0131 tamamen denetim d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Madde 104, bu iki ihtiyac\u0131 birlikte d\u00fczenler.<\/p>\n

Teknik destek birimleri karar veremez<\/h2>\n

Madde 104, Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulunun se\u00e7im veri altyap\u0131s\u0131, adayl\u0131k kay\u0131t sistemi, kura kay\u0131tlar\u0131, kampanya finansman\u0131, dijital g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck denetimi, sand\u0131k sonu\u00e7 ak\u0131\u015f\u0131, yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 oy s\u00fcre\u00e7leri ve itiraz kay\u0131tlar\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u00fcrekli, g\u00fcvenli ve denetlenebilir teknik kapasite olu\u015fturaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Ancak teknik destek birimleri karar yetkisi kullanamaz; nihai yetki ve sorumluluk Kurula aittir.<\/p>\n

Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, dijitalle\u015fen se\u00e7im y\u00f6netiminde kritik bir s\u0131n\u0131r koyar. Yaz\u0131l\u0131m \u015firketi, veri hizmeti sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131, teknik ekip, platform analisti veya bili\u015fim altyap\u0131s\u0131 se\u00e7im y\u00f6netiminin yerini alamaz. Teknoloji se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenli\u011fine hizmet eder; karar yetkisini devralmaz.<\/p>\n

Se\u00e7im verisi teknik sistemlerden ge\u00e7ebilir; fakat se\u00e7im hukukunu yorumlama, itiraz\u0131 karara ba\u011flama, kesin sonucu belirleme ve se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenli\u011fi tedbiri alma yetkisi Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulundad\u0131r. Teknik kapasite g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olmal\u0131d\u0131r; fakat demokratik me\u015fruiyet ve anayasal sorumluluk Kurulda kalmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Madde 104\u2019\u00fcn se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenli\u011fi haritas\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
G\u00fcvence Alan\u0131<\/th>\nAnayasal \u0130\u015flev<\/th>\nKorudu\u011fu De\u011fer<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Adayl\u0131k ve liste<\/td>\nBa\u015fvurular\u0131n ve kesin listelerin e\u015fit y\u00f6netilmesi<\/td>\nAdayl\u0131k e\u015fitli\u011fi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Se\u00e7men k\u00fct\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/td>\nG\u00fcncel, do\u011frulanabilir ve itiraza a\u00e7\u0131k kay\u0131t<\/td>\nSe\u00e7me hakk\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sand\u0131k ve say\u0131m<\/td>\nGizli oy, a\u00e7\u0131k say\u0131m-d\u00f6k\u00fcm ve sand\u0131k g\u00fcvenli\u011fi<\/td>\nOy g\u00fcvenli\u011fi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Se\u00e7im verileri<\/td>\nTutanak ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n e\u015fzamanl\u0131, a\u00e7\u0131k ve denetlenebilir korunmas\u0131<\/td>\n\u015eeffafl\u0131k ve do\u011frulanabilirlik<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kampanya finansman\u0131<\/td>\nDenetimsiz desteklerin a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131, durdurulmas\u0131 ve yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131<\/td>\nYar\u0131\u015f e\u015fitli\u011fi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dijital g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck<\/td>\nPlatform g\u00fcc\u00fc, yapay zek\u00e2 ve veri manip\u00fclasyonuna kar\u015f\u0131 denetim<\/td>\nKamuoyunun serbest olu\u015fumu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kamu g\u00f6revlileri<\/td>\nAday destekleme, engelleme ve se\u00e7men y\u00f6nlendirme yasa\u011f\u0131<\/td>\nDevlet tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 oy<\/td>\nOy g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, e\u015fitlik ve makul s\u00fcrede kesin sonu\u00e7<\/td>\nVatanda\u015fl\u0131k temelli se\u00e7me hakk\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Bu harita, se\u00e7im g\u00fcvencelerinin tek bir sand\u0131k g\u00fcvenli\u011fi meselesi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Se\u00e7im, adayl\u0131k dosyas\u0131ndan dijital g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe, sand\u0131k tutana\u011f\u0131ndan kampanya finansman\u0131na kadar \u00e7ok a\u015famal\u0131 bir anayasal g\u00fcvenlik sistemi gerektirir.<\/p>\n

119. madde korumas\u0131 se\u00e7im d\u00fczeninde neyi engeller?<\/h2>\n

Madde 104, Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulunun ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, se\u00e7im ve veri g\u00fcvenli\u011fi kapasitesi ile kesin sonu\u00e7 yetkisinin 119. maddeye g\u00f6re korunaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenler. Bu at\u0131f, se\u00e7im sisteminin teknik gerek\u00e7elerle veya ge\u00e7ici \u00e7o\u011funluk etkisiyle zay\u0131flat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyen anayasal kilit g\u00f6revi g\u00f6r\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Se\u00e7im kurulu do\u011frudan kald\u0131r\u0131lmadan da etkisizle\u015ftirilebilir. Veri altyap\u0131s\u0131 zay\u0131f b\u0131rak\u0131labilir. Tutanak g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flanmayabilir. Kampanya finansman\u0131 denetlenmeyebilir. Dijital g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck takip edilmeyebilir. \u00dcye belirleme havuzu daralt\u0131labilir. Kurulun b\u00fct\u00e7esi ve teknik personeli yetersiz b\u0131rak\u0131labilir. \u0130tiraz kay\u0131tlar\u0131 \u015feffaf tutulmayabilir. 119. madde ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131, bu t\u00fcr dolayl\u0131 zay\u0131flatmalar\u0131n se\u00e7im g\u00fcvencelerini ortadan kald\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller.<\/p>\n

Se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenceleri, yaln\u0131z se\u00e7im g\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ge\u00e7ici tedbirler de\u011fildir. S\u00fcrekli teknik kapasite, kurumsal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, tarafs\u0131z \u00fcyelik, veri g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve kesin sonu\u00e7 yetkisi birlikte korunmal\u0131d\u0131r. Aksi h\u00e2lde se\u00e7im y\u00f6netimi bi\u00e7imsel kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7: Se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenceleri millet iradesinin anayasal emniyet sistemidir<\/h2>\n

Se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenceleri, Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde millet iradesinin serbest, e\u015fit, g\u00fcvenli, \u015feffaf ve do\u011frulanabilir bi\u00e7imde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan en kritik anayasal d\u00fczenlerden biridir. Madde 104, Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulunu se\u00e7imlerin ve halkoylamalar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczen i\u00e7inde y\u00f6netilmesini, d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, g\u00fcvenli\u011fini ve kesin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesini sa\u011flayan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z anayasal se\u00e7im mercii olarak d\u00fczenler. Se\u00e7imler serbestlik, e\u015fitlik, gizli oy, a\u00e7\u0131k say\u0131m-d\u00f6k\u00fcm, genel oy, tek derecelilik, adayl\u0131k e\u015fitli\u011fi, sand\u0131k g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, \u015feffafl\u0131k, yarg\u0131 y\u00f6netimi ve denetimi esaslar\u0131yla yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu maddenin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc taraf\u0131, se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenli\u011fini yaln\u0131z sand\u0131k \u00e7evresine hapsetmemesidir. Se\u00e7men k\u00fct\u00fckleri, adayl\u0131k kay\u0131tlar\u0131, kura s\u00fcre\u00e7leri, kampanya finansman\u0131, kamu yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, dijital g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck, sand\u0131k sonu\u00e7 ak\u0131\u015f\u0131, yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 oy s\u00fcre\u00e7leri ve itiraz kay\u0131tlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k, do\u011frulanabilir, e\u015fzamanl\u0131 ve sonradan denetlenebilir \u015fekilde korunur. Kamu g\u00f6revlileri yetkilerini se\u00e7im tercihini etkileyecek bi\u00e7imde kullanamaz. Dijital ara\u00e7, veri hizmeti, yapay zek\u00e2, platform g\u00fcc\u00fc, \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc finansman veya yabanc\u0131 etkiyle se\u00e7im iradesi manip\u00fcle edilemez.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak Madde 104, Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulunu yaln\u0131z sonu\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131klayan bir kurum olarak de\u011fil, se\u00e7im iradesini ba\u015ftan sona koruyan anayasal g\u00fcvenlik merkezi olarak tasarlar. Kurul on bir \u00fcyeden olu\u015fur; y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131 veya nitelikli h\u00e2kim-savc\u0131lar, se\u00e7im ve kamu hukuku akademisyenleri ile barolar aras\u0131nda \u00e7o\u011fulcu yap\u0131 kurulur. \u00dcyeliklerde 56. madde liyakat havuzu ve tarafs\u0131z kura g\u00fcvenceleri uygulan\u0131r; Kurulun ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, se\u00e7im ve veri g\u00fcvenli\u011fi kapasitesi ile kesin sonu\u00e7 yetkisi 119. maddeye g\u00f6re korunur. Bu nedenle se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenceleri, bu anayasa modelinde millet iradesi, se\u00e7me ve se\u00e7ilme hakk\u0131, adayl\u0131k e\u015fitli\u011fi, sand\u0131k g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, dijital \u015feffafl\u0131k, kamu g\u00f6revlilerinin tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kesin sonu\u00e7 g\u00fcveni<\/strong> aras\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f temel anayasal emniyet sistemidir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenceleri, millet iradesinin sand\u0131\u011fa serbest\u00e7e yans\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131, oylar\u0131n g\u00fcvenli bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, say\u0131m\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, se\u00e7im verilerinin do\u011frulanabilir olmas\u0131n\u0131 ve kesin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n kamu g\u00fcveni i\u00e7inde belirlenmesini sa\u011flayan anayasal koruma zinciridir. Bir se\u00e7im yaln\u0131z sand\u0131k g\u00fcn\u00fc oy kullanmaktan ibaret de\u011fildir. Adayl\u0131k s\u00fcreci, se\u00e7men k\u00fct\u00fckleri, propaganda ortam\u0131, kampanya finansman\u0131, kamu g\u00f6revlilerinin tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, kollu\u011fun davran\u0131\u015f\u0131, medya eri\u015fimi, dijital g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck, yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 oylar\u0131, tutanaklar\u0131n korunmas\u0131, itirazlar\u0131n incelenmesi ve kesin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n ilan\u0131 ayn\u0131 zincirin par\u00e7alar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu zincirin herhangi bir halkas\u0131 zay\u0131flarsa, se\u00e7im g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsa bile se\u00e7men iradesinin serbest ve g\u00fcvenilir bi\u00e7imde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olunamaz. Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde Madde 104, Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulunu se\u00e7imlerin ve halkoylamalar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczen i\u00e7inde y\u00f6netilmesini, d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, g\u00fcvenli\u011fini ve kesin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesini sa\u011flayan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z anayasal se\u00e7im mercii olarak d\u00fczenler. Bu tan\u0131m, Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulunun yaln\u0131z takvim ilan eden veya sand\u0131k sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 toplayan teknik bir organ olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Kurul; adayl\u0131ktan kesin sonuca kadar se\u00e7im s\u00fcrecinin tamam\u0131nda anayasal g\u00fcvenlik, e\u015fitlik, \u015feffafl\u0131k ve yarg\u0131sal denetim sorumlulu\u011fu ta\u015f\u0131r. Madde 104\u2019\u00fcn en \u00f6nemli y\u00f6n\u00fc, se\u00e7im g\u00fcvencelerini yaln\u0131z klasik sand\u0131k g\u00fcvenli\u011fiyle s\u0131n\u0131rlamamas\u0131d\u0131r. Se\u00e7men k\u00fct\u00fckleri g\u00fcncel, do\u011frulanabilir ve itiraza a\u00e7\u0131k tutulur. Se\u00e7im verileri, tutanaklar, adayl\u0131k, kura, kampanya finansman\u0131, kamu yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, dijital g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck ve itiraz i\u015flemleri a\u00e7\u0131k, do\u011frulanabilir, e\u015fzamanl\u0131 ve sonradan denetlenebilir \u015fekilde korunur. Dijital ara\u00e7, veri hizmeti, yapay zek\u00e2, platform g\u00fcc\u00fc, \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc finansman veya yabanc\u0131 etkiyle se\u00e7im iradesi, adayl\u0131k e\u015fitli\u011fi ya da kamuoyunun serbest olu\u015fumu manip\u00fcle edilemez. B\u00f6ylece se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenceleri, hem sand\u0131k ba\u015f\u0131nda hem dijital alanda hem de kamu kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl bir anayasal korumaya kavu\u015fur. Se\u00e7im g\u00fcven zinciri nerede ba\u015flar? Se\u00e7im g\u00fcven zinciri, oy verme g\u00fcn\u00fc ba\u015flamaz. \u00c7ok daha \u00f6nce, adayl\u0131k \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n e\u015fit uygulanmas\u0131yla, se\u00e7men k\u00fct\u00fcklerinin do\u011fru tutulmas\u0131yla, propaganda kurallar\u0131n\u0131n adil belirlenmesiyle ve kamu kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n tarafs\u0131z y\u00f6netilmesiyle ba\u015flar. Madde 104, bu y\u00fczden Kurulun adayl\u0131k, liste, kura, propaganda, finansman, oy verme, say\u0131m, itiraz, sonu\u00e7 ve se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenli\u011fi s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini Anayasaya uygun y\u00f6netece\u011fini belirtir. Bu s\u0131ralama \u00f6nemlidir. Adayl\u0131k s\u00fcreci adil de\u011filse, se\u00e7im g\u00fcn\u00fc sand\u0131k d\u00fczg\u00fcn kurulsa bile yar\u0131\u015f e\u015fit ba\u015flamam\u0131\u015f olur. Se\u00e7men k\u00fct\u00fckleri hatal\u0131ysa, oy kullanma hakk\u0131 k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde kalabilir. Kampanya finansman\u0131 karanl\u0131ksa, kamuoyu serbest olu\u015fmayabilir. Tutanaklar korunmuyorsa, a\u00e7\u0131k say\u0131m tek ba\u015f\u0131na g\u00fcven \u00fcretmez. \u0130tiraz yollar\u0131 etkili de\u011filse, se\u00e7im hatalar\u0131 sonu\u00e7 \u00fczerinde kal\u0131c\u0131 etki do\u011furabilir. Venedik Komisyonu\u2019nun iyi se\u00e7im uygulamalar\u0131 kodu, se\u00e7im hukukunun yaln\u0131z oy verme an\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, se\u00e7im \u00f6ncesi, se\u00e7im g\u00fcn\u00fc ve se\u00e7im sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemi kapsamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini vurgulayan bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve sunar. Madde 104 de se\u00e7im g\u00fcvencelerini ayn\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckle ele al\u0131r. Madde 104 \u2013 Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulu, Se\u00e7im Verileri ve Se\u00e7im G\u00fcvenceleri Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulu, se\u00e7imlerin ve halkoylamalar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczen i\u00e7inde y\u00f6netilmesini, d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, g\u00fcvenli\u011fini ve kesin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesini sa\u011flayan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z anayasal se\u00e7im merciidir. Se\u00e7imler serbestlik, e\u015fitlik, gizli oy, a\u00e7\u0131k say\u0131m-d\u00f6k\u00fcm, genel oy, tek derecelilik, adayl\u0131k e\u015fitli\u011fi, sand\u0131k g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, \u015feffafl\u0131k, yarg\u0131 y\u00f6netimi ve denetimi esaslar\u0131yla yap\u0131l\u0131r. Kurul; adayl\u0131k, liste, kura, propaganda, finansman, oy verme, say\u0131m, itiraz, sonu\u00e7 ve se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenli\u011fi s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini Anayasaya uygun y\u00f6netir. Se\u00e7men k\u00fct\u00fckleri g\u00fcncel, do\u011frulanabilir ve itiraza a\u00e7\u0131k tutulur; kay\u0131t, adres, sand\u0131k veya liste i\u015flemleri se\u00e7me hakk\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131ramaz. Se\u00e7im verileri, tutanaklar, adayl\u0131k, kura, kampanya finansman\u0131, kamu yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, dijital g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck ve itiraz i\u015flemleri a\u00e7\u0131k, do\u011frulanabilir, e\u015fzamanl\u0131 ve sonradan denetlenebilir \u015fekilde korunur; ilk se\u00e7imlerde bu g\u00fcvence tam ve \u00f6ncelikli uygulan\u0131r. Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n oy hakk\u0131; se\u00e7me hakk\u0131, oy g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, e\u015fitlik, say\u0131m g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve kesin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n makul s\u00fcrede ilan\u0131 korunarak kanunla d\u00fczenlenir. Se\u00e7im d\u00f6nemlerinde kamu g\u00f6revlileri yetkilerini aday destekleme, engelleme, se\u00e7men y\u00f6nlendirme veya hizmete eri\u015fimi se\u00e7men tercihini etkileyecek bi\u00e7imde kullanamaz. Kolluk birimleri Kurul karar ve talimatlar\u0131na uygun, tarafs\u0131z ve e\u015fit g\u00f6rev yapar. Dijital ara\u00e7, veri hizmeti, yapay zek\u00e2, platform g\u00fcc\u00fc, \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc finansman veya yabanc\u0131 etkiyle se\u00e7im iradesi, adayl\u0131k e\u015fitli\u011fi ya da kamuoyunun serbest olu\u015fumu manip\u00fcle edilemez. Kurul kampanya e\u015fitli\u011fi i\u00e7in denetimsiz destekleri durdurabilir, a\u00e7\u0131klatt\u0131rabilir, dengeleyici tedbir alabilir ve yapt\u0131r\u0131m uygulayabilir; kesin adaylara kamu yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda e\u015fit s\u00fcre ve dijital platformlarda \u015feffaf g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck sa\u011flar. Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulu on bir (11) \u00fcyeden olu\u015fur. \u00dcyelerin s\u00fcresi alt\u0131 (6) y\u0131ld\u0131r; kademeli yenilenir ve yeniden \u00fcyelik olmaz. Kurulda y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131 veya nitelikli h\u00e2kim-savc\u0131lardan alt\u0131 (6), se\u00e7im ve kamu hukuku akademisyenlerinden \u00fc\u00e7 (3), barolardan iki (2) \u00fcye bulunur. \u00dcyeliklerde 56. maddedeki liyakat havuzu ve tarafs\u0131z kura g\u00fcvenceleri uygulan\u0131r. Anayasa Mahkemesinin \u015fekli g\u00f6zetimi havuzun kesinle\u015fmesi, kura usul\u00fc, tutanak g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve itirazlar\u0131n usulden incelenmesiyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. Kurulun ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, se\u00e7im ve veri g\u00fcvenli\u011fi kapasitesi ile kesin sonu\u00e7 yetkisi 119. maddeye g\u00f6re korunur. Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulunun se\u00e7im i\u015flerine, itirazlara ve kesin sonu\u00e7lara ili\u015fkin kararlar\u0131 kesindir; bu kesinlik, se\u00e7me ve se\u00e7ilme hakk\u0131n\u0131, adayl\u0131k e\u015fitli\u011fini veya se\u00e7im sonucunu etkileyen a\u00e7\u0131k ve a\u011f\u0131r anayasal ihlal iddialar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 anayasal g\u00fcvence denetimine g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclmesine engel de\u011fildir. Bu ba\u015fvuru se\u00e7im takvimini belirsiz bi\u00e7imde durduramaz ve Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulunun se\u00e7im y\u00f6netimi g\u00f6revini devralma sonucu do\u011furamaz. Kurulun kurulu\u015fu, ba\u015fkanl\u0131k yap\u0131s\u0131, \u00fcyeliklerin bo\u015falmas\u0131, ge\u00e7ici vek\u00e2let, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma usul\u00fc, karar yeter say\u0131lar\u0131, se\u00e7im te\u015fkilat\u0131, b\u00fct\u00e7esi, veri g\u00fcvenli\u011fi altyap\u0131s\u0131 ve denetim usulleri; se\u00e7imlerin serbestli\u011fi, d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, kesin sonu\u00e7 yetkisi, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k ve 56 ile 119. madde g\u00fcvenceleri korunarak kanunla d\u00fczenlenir. Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulu; se\u00e7im veri altyap\u0131s\u0131, adayl\u0131k kay\u0131t sistemi, kura kay\u0131tlar\u0131, kampanya finansman\u0131, dijital g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck denetimi, sand\u0131k sonu\u00e7 ak\u0131\u015f\u0131, yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 oy s\u00fcre\u00e7leri ve itiraz kay\u0131tlar\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u00fcrekli, g\u00fcvenli ve denetlenebilir teknik kapasite olu\u015fturur. Teknik destek birimleri karar yetkisi kullanamaz; nihai yetki ve sorumluluk Kurula aittir. Serbest, e\u015fit, gizli ve a\u00e7\u0131k: Se\u00e7imin d\u00f6rt temel zemini Madde 104, se\u00e7imlerin serbestlik, e\u015fitlik, gizli oy, a\u00e7\u0131k say\u0131m-d\u00f6k\u00fcm, genel oy, tek derecelilik, adayl\u0131k e\u015fitli\u011fi, sand\u0131k g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, \u015feffafl\u0131k, yarg\u0131 y\u00f6netimi ve denetimi esaslar\u0131yla yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Bu ilkeler birlikte d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmelidir. Gizli oy olmadan se\u00e7men bask\u0131dan korunamaz. A\u00e7\u0131k say\u0131m olmadan kullan\u0131lan oyun do\u011fru say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00fcvenilemez. Genel oy olmadan vatanda\u015flar\u0131n se\u00e7ime kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 daralt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olur. E\u015fitlik olmadan se\u00e7menler veya adaylar aras\u0131nda haks\u0131z avantaj do\u011far. Se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenceleri, bu ilkelerin her birini ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 korur. Se\u00e7men oyunu serbest\u00e7e kullanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Sand\u0131k kurulu say\u0131m\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k yapmal\u0131d\u0131r. Adaylar yar\u0131\u015fa e\u015fit \u015fartlarda kat\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Se\u00e7men k\u00fct\u00fc\u011f\u00fc se\u00e7me hakk\u0131n\u0131 engellememelidir. Kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc tarafs\u0131z kalmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kurulun kararlar\u0131 s\u00fcreci y\u00f6netmeli; fakat se\u00e7im iradesinin yerine ge\u00e7memelidir. Venedik Komisyonu\u2019nun se\u00e7im hukukunun temel ilkelerini a\u00e7\u0131klayan g\u00fcncel metni, evrensel, e\u015fit, serbest, gizli ve do\u011frudan oy ilkelerini demokratik se\u00e7imlerin anayasal temeli olarak ele al\u0131r. Madde 104, bu ilkeleri T\u00fcrk anayasal se\u00e7im d\u00fczeninin merkezine yerle\u015ftirir. Se\u00e7men k\u00fct\u00fc\u011f\u00fc: G\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyen ama belirleyici g\u00fcvence Se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenli\u011fi \u00e7o\u011fu zaman sand\u0131k ba\u015f\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcr. Oysa se\u00e7men k\u00fct\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hatal\u0131ysa, sand\u0131k g\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00fcvenli\u011fi tek ba\u015f\u0131na yeterli olmaz. Madde 104, se\u00e7men k\u00fct\u00fcklerinin g\u00fcncel, do\u011frulanabilir ve itiraza a\u00e7\u0131k tutulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131; kay\u0131t, adres, sand\u0131k veya liste i\u015flemlerinin se\u00e7me hakk\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131ramayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zellikle d\u00fczenler. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm vatanda\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok somuttur. Ki\u015finin adres kayd\u0131 hatal\u0131 i\u015flenmi\u015f olabilir. Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015f belirlenmi\u015f olabilir. Se\u00e7men listesinde ad\u0131 eksik olabilir. Yurt i\u00e7i veya yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kayd\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilir. Bu t\u00fcr teknik i\u015flemler se\u00e7me hakk\u0131n\u0131 fiilen ortadan kald\u0131ramaz. Vatanda\u015f\u0131n kay\u0131t hatas\u0131na itiraz edebilmesi, kayd\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulayabilmesi ve se\u00e7im g\u00fcn\u00fc oy hakk\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilmesi gerekir. Buradaki g\u00fcvence, idari kay\u0131t sisteminin se\u00e7men iradesinin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mesini engeller. Se\u00e7men k\u00fct\u00fc\u011f\u00fc se\u00e7im hakk\u0131na hizmet etmelidir; se\u00e7im hakk\u0131n\u0131 daraltan teknik engel h\u00e2line gelmemelidir. Sand\u0131k tutana\u011f\u0131 art\u0131k yaln\u0131z k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t de\u011fildir Madde 104, se\u00e7im verileri ve tutanaklar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k, do\u011frulanabilir, e\u015fzamanl\u0131 ve sonradan denetlenebilir \u015fekilde korunmas\u0131n\u0131 ister. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenli\u011fi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yeni bir a\u015famay\u0131 ifade eder. Eskiden se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenli\u011fi daha \u00e7ok sand\u0131k ba\u015f\u0131ndaki say\u0131m ve fiziksel tutanak \u00fczerinden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bug\u00fcn ise veri ak\u0131\u015f\u0131, dijital kay\u0131t, sonu\u00e7 aktar\u0131m\u0131, itiraz sistemi ve sonradan denetlenebilirlik ayn\u0131 derecede \u00f6nemlidir. Sand\u0131k tutana\u011f\u0131 yaln\u0131z sand\u0131k kurulunun imzalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belge olarak kalmaz; veriye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr, merkeze aktar\u0131l\u0131r, kamuoyuyla payla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r, itirazlarda delil olur ve kesin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131 h\u00e2line gelir. Bu nedenle tutanak ile veri aras\u0131nda kopukluk olmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Sand\u0131kta g\u00f6r\u00fclen sonu\u00e7, dijital sisteme ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde ve izlenebilir \u015fekilde yans\u0131mal\u0131d\u0131r. OSCE\/ODIHR\u2019in se\u00e7im g\u00f6zlem rehberi, se\u00e7imlerin yaln\u0131z oy verme g\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fil; adayl\u0131k, kampanya, medya, kamu idaresi, oy say\u0131m\u0131, sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n ilan\u0131 ve itiraz s\u00fcre\u00e7leriyle birlikte de\u011ferlendirildi\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. Madde 104\u2019\u00fcn veri ve tutanak g\u00fcvenli\u011fini birlikte d\u00fczenlemesi de bu geni\u015f se\u00e7im b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na uygundur. \u0130lk se\u00e7imlerde tam ve \u00f6ncelikli uygulama neden yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r? Madde 104, se\u00e7im verileri, tutanaklar, adayl\u0131k, kura, kampanya finansman\u0131, kamu yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, dijital g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck ve itiraz i\u015flemleri i\u00e7in getirilen a\u00e7\u0131k, do\u011frulanabilir, e\u015fzamanl\u0131 ve sonradan denetlenebilir koruman\u0131n ilk se\u00e7imlerde tam ve \u00f6ncelikli uygulanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Bu ifade, se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenli\u011finin ertelenebilir bir hedef olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Baz\u0131 anayasal g\u00fcvenceler ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u00fcrecinde a\u015famal\u0131 uygulanabilir. Ancak se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenceleri, sistemin me\u015fruiyet kayna\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ilk se\u00e7imden itibaren g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc i\u015flemelidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ilk se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenilmez olursa, sonraki anayasal kurumlar\u0131n me\u015fruiyeti de tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 h\u00e2le gelir. Bu nedenle Madde 104, ilk se\u00e7imlerde veri altyap\u0131s\u0131, tutanak g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, adayl\u0131k kayd\u0131, kura kayd\u0131, kampanya finansman\u0131, dijital g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck ve itiraz kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n tam ve \u00f6ncelikli kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 ister. Se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, sonraya b\u0131rak\u0131lacak teknik proje de\u011fil, anayasal d\u00fczenin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 \u015fart\u0131d\u0131r. Kamu g\u00f6revlisi se\u00e7im d\u00f6neminde tarafs\u0131z kalmaza? Se\u00e7im d\u00f6nemlerinde kamu g\u00f6revlileri yetkilerini aday destekleme, aday engelleme, se\u00e7men y\u00f6nlendirme veya hizmete eri\u015fimi se\u00e7men tercihini etkileyecek bi\u00e7imde kullanamaz. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, kamu g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn se\u00e7im yar\u0131\u015f\u0131na taraf olarak kat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller. Kamu g\u00f6revlisi, hizmet verdi\u011fi ki\u015fiye se\u00e7men gibi de\u011fil vatanda\u015f gibi davranmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bir kamu g\u00f6revlisinin sosyal yard\u0131m, ruhsat, denetim, kolluk, e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k, belediye hizmeti, vergi, tapu veya ba\u015fka bir kamu hizmetini aday lehine veya aleyhine kullanmas\u0131 se\u00e7im e\u015fitli\u011fini bozar. Kamu hizmetleri se\u00e7men davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6nlendirme arac\u0131 yap\u0131lamaz. Kolluk birimlerinin Kurul karar ve talimatlar\u0131na uygun, tarafs\u0131z ve e\u015fit g\u00f6rev yapmas\u0131 da bu nedenle ayr\u0131ca d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. International IDEA\u2019n\u0131n se\u00e7im y\u00f6netiminde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, se\u00e7im y\u00f6netimine duyulan kamu g\u00fcveninin ve tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n demokratik s\u00fcre\u00e7ler i\u00e7in kritik oldu\u011funu belirtir. Madde 104\u2019te kamu g\u00f6revlileri ve kolluk i\u00e7in getirilen tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k ilkesi de bu g\u00fcvenin kamu y\u00f6netimi aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kurar. Dijital se\u00e7im alan\u0131: Yeni sand\u0131k \u00e7evresi Madde 104, dijital ara\u00e7, veri hizmeti, yapay zek\u00e2, platform g\u00fcc\u00fc, \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc finansman veya yabanc\u0131 etkiyle se\u00e7im iradesinin, adayl\u0131k e\u015fitli\u011finin ya da kamuoyunun serbest olu\u015fumunun manip\u00fcle edilemeyece\u011fini d\u00fczenler. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenli\u011fini fiziksel sand\u0131kla s\u0131n\u0131rlamayan \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f bir anlay\u0131\u015f ta\u015f\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc se\u00e7men iradesi yaln\u0131z sand\u0131k ba\u015f\u0131nda de\u011fil, se\u00e7im \u00f6ncesi bilgi ortam\u0131nda da \u015fekillenir. Yapay zek\u00e2 ile \u00fcretilmi\u015f sahte g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler, bot a\u011flar\u0131, hedefli dezenformasyon, g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez reklam harcamalar\u0131, platform algoritmalar\u0131, yabanc\u0131 kaynakl\u0131 veri operasyonlar\u0131 veya \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc kampanya finansman\u0131 se\u00e7menin bilgiye dayal\u0131 karar verme imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131 zedeleyebilir. Bu nedenle se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenceleri, dijital g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck ve \u00e7evrim i\u00e7i kampanya alan\u0131n\u0131 da kapsamal\u0131d\u0131r. OECD\u2019nin dijital demokrasi ve se\u00e7im b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc de\u011ferlendirmesi, se\u00e7im b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, siyasi reklam ve \u00e7evrim i\u00e7i kampanya finansman\u0131 alanlar\u0131nda d\u00fczenleme bo\u015fluklar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcndeme geldi\u011fini belirtir. Madde 104, bu sorunlar\u0131 do\u011frudan anayasal se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenceleri i\u00e7ine al\u0131r. Kampanya e\u015fitli\u011fi yaln\u0131z para meselesi de\u011fildir Madde 104\u2019e g\u00f6re Kurul kampanya e\u015fitli\u011fi i\u00e7in denetimsiz destekleri durdurabilir, a\u00e7\u0131klatt\u0131rabilir, dengeleyici tedbir alabilir ve yapt\u0131r\u0131m uygulayabilir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm kampanya finansman\u0131n\u0131 yaln\u0131z ba\u011f\u0131\u015f veya harcama kayd\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rmez. Se\u00e7imde g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyen destekler de e\u015fitli\u011fi bozabilir. Denetimsiz destek bazen para aktar\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. Bazen medya avantaj\u0131d\u0131r. Bazen kamu kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bazen platform g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bazen dijital reklam deste\u011fidir. Bazen yabanc\u0131 veri hizmetidir. Bazen g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc gibi g\u00f6sterilen profesyonel \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmedir. Se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenceleri, bu destekleri g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr ve denetlenebilir h\u00e2le getirmelidir. Kesin adaylara kamu yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda e\u015fit s\u00fcre ve dijital platformlarda \u015feffaf g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck sa\u011flanmas\u0131 bu a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6nemlidir. Se\u00e7men farkl\u0131 adaylara ula\u015fabilmeli, adaylar da kamuoyuna kendini anlatma imk\u00e2n\u0131nda temel adalet g\u00fcvencesine sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 oy hakk\u0131: Mesafe hak kayb\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015femez Madde 104, yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n oy hakk\u0131n\u0131n se\u00e7me hakk\u0131, oy g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, e\u015fitlik, say\u0131m g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve kesin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n makul s\u00fcrede ilan\u0131 korunarak kanunla d\u00fczenlenece\u011fini belirtir. Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ya\u015famak, vatanda\u015f\u0131n se\u00e7im hakk\u0131n\u0131n zay\u0131flamas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmemelidir. Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 oy s\u00fcreci teknik olarak daha karma\u015f\u0131kt\u0131r. Sand\u0131k yerleri, temsilcilikler, posta veya elektronik olmayan g\u00fcvenli y\u00f6ntemler, oylar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131, say\u0131m\u0131, saklanmas\u0131, itiraz\u0131 ve sonu\u00e7lara eklenmesi \u00f6zel d\u00fczenleme gerektirir. Ancak teknik zorluk, se\u00e7me hakk\u0131n\u0131 daraltma gerek\u00e7esi yap\u0131lamaz. Bu nedenle Madde 104, yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 oy hakk\u0131n\u0131 yaln\u0131z kanuna b\u0131rakmaz; kanunun uymas\u0131 gereken anayasal ilkeleri de yazar. Oy g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, e\u015fitlik, say\u0131m g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve makul s\u00fcrede kesin sonu\u00e7 ilan\u0131 birlikte korunmal\u0131d\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulu nas\u0131l olu\u015fur? Madde 104, Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulunun on bir \u00fcyeden olu\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenler. \u00dcyelerin s\u00fcresi alt\u0131 y\u0131ld\u0131r; kademeli yenilenir ve yeniden \u00fcyelik olmaz. Kurulda y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131 veya nitelikli h\u00e2kim-savc\u0131lardan alt\u0131, se\u00e7im ve kamu hukuku akademisyenlerinden \u00fc\u00e7, barolardan iki \u00fcye bulunur. Bu yap\u0131, Kurulun yaln\u0131z yarg\u0131 k\u00f6kenli kapal\u0131 bir organ veya yaln\u0131z akademik dan\u0131\u015fma kurulu olmamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131 ve nitelikli h\u00e2kim-savc\u0131lar yarg\u0131sal g\u00fcvence ve usul deneyimi getirir. Se\u00e7im ve kamu hukuku akademisyenleri sistem tasar\u0131m\u0131, se\u00e7im hukuku, anayasal ilkeler ve kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 bilgi sa\u011flar. Barolar ise savunma, hak arama ve se\u00e7im s\u00fcrecinde bireysel ba\u015fvuru\/itiraz duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan katk\u0131 sunar. Alt\u0131 y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre, kademeli yenilenme ve yeniden \u00fcyelik yasa\u011f\u0131 da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Kurul \u00fcyeleri yeniden se\u00e7ilme beklentisi ta\u015f\u0131madan g\u00f6rev yapmal\u0131; Kurul bir anda tamamen de\u011fi\u015fmemeli; se\u00e7im haf\u0131zas\u0131 korunurken d\u00f6nemsel \u00e7o\u011funluk etkisi azalt\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. 56. madde ve Anayasa Mahkemesinin \u015fekli g\u00f6zetimi Madde 104, Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulu \u00fcyeliklerinde 56. maddedeki liyakat havuzu ve tarafs\u0131z kura g\u00fcvencelerinin uygulanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Bu, \u00fcyelik s\u00fcrecinin kapal\u0131 kontenjan, d\u00f6nemsel \u00e7o\u011funluk veya ki\u015fisel sadakat ili\u015fkisiyle belirlenmesini \u00f6nlemeyi ama\u00e7lar. \u00d6nce liyakat havuzu olu\u015fur, \u015fartlar denetlenir, itirazlar incelenir; ard\u0131ndan tarafs\u0131z kura g\u00fcvencesi devreye girer. Anayasa Mahkemesinin \u015fekli g\u00f6zetimi ise s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu g\u00f6zetim havuzun kesinle\u015fmesi, kura usul\u00fc, tutanak g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve itirazlar\u0131n usulden incelenmesiyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. Anayasa Mahkemesi, Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulunun yerine ge\u00e7erek se\u00e7im y\u00f6netimini devralmaz. Sadece \u00fcyelik s\u00fcrecinde anayasal usul g\u00fcvencelerinin i\u015fletilip i\u015fletilmedi\u011fini \u015feklen g\u00f6zetir. Bu ayr\u0131m, iki anayasal organ aras\u0131ndaki dengeyi korur. YSK se\u00e7im y\u00f6netiminden sorumludur. Anayasa Mahkemesi, s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 \u015fekli g\u00f6zetimle liyakat ve kura s\u00fcrecinin anayasal g\u00fcvencelere uygun y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesine katk\u0131 sa\u011flar. Kesin karar ama s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z dokunulmazl\u0131k de\u011fil Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulunun se\u00e7im i\u015flerine, itirazlara ve kesin sonu\u00e7lara ili\u015fkin kararlar\u0131 kesindir. Bu kesinlik, se\u00e7im takviminin belirsiz bi\u00e7imde uzamas\u0131n\u0131 ve se\u00e7im sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrekli tart\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7inde kalmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler. Se\u00e7imlerin bir noktada kesin sonuca ba\u011flanmas\u0131 gerekir. Ancak Madde 104, bu kesinli\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z dokunulmazl\u0131k olarak d\u00fczenlemez. Se\u00e7me ve se\u00e7ilme hakk\u0131n\u0131, adayl\u0131k e\u015fitli\u011fini veya se\u00e7im sonucunu etkileyen a\u00e7\u0131k ve a\u011f\u0131r anayasal ihlal iddialar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 anayasal g\u00fcvence denetimine g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclebilir. Bu ba\u015fvuru se\u00e7im takvimini belirsiz bi\u00e7imde durduramaz ve YSK\u2019n\u0131n se\u00e7im y\u00f6netimi g\u00f6revini devralma sonucu do\u011furamaz. Bu denge son derece hassast\u0131r. Bir yandan se\u00e7im sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 kesinle\u015fmeli ve \u00fclke y\u00f6netimi belirsizlik i\u00e7inde kalmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Di\u011fer yandan a\u00e7\u0131k ve a\u011f\u0131r anayasal ihlal iddialar\u0131 tamamen denetim d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Madde 104, bu iki ihtiyac\u0131 birlikte d\u00fczenler. Teknik destek birimleri karar veremez Madde 104, Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulunun se\u00e7im veri altyap\u0131s\u0131, adayl\u0131k kay\u0131t sistemi, kura kay\u0131tlar\u0131, kampanya finansman\u0131, dijital g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck denetimi, sand\u0131k sonu\u00e7 ak\u0131\u015f\u0131, yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 oy s\u00fcre\u00e7leri ve itiraz kay\u0131tlar\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u00fcrekli, g\u00fcvenli ve denetlenebilir teknik kapasite olu\u015fturaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Ancak teknik destek birimleri karar yetkisi kullanamaz; nihai yetki ve sorumluluk Kurula aittir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, dijitalle\u015fen se\u00e7im y\u00f6netiminde kritik bir s\u0131n\u0131r koyar. Yaz\u0131l\u0131m \u015firketi, veri hizmeti sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131, teknik ekip, platform analisti veya bili\u015fim altyap\u0131s\u0131 se\u00e7im y\u00f6netiminin yerini alamaz. Teknoloji se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenli\u011fine hizmet eder; karar yetkisini devralmaz. Se\u00e7im verisi teknik sistemlerden ge\u00e7ebilir; fakat se\u00e7im hukukunu yorumlama, itiraz\u0131 karara ba\u011flama, kesin sonucu belirleme ve se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenli\u011fi tedbiri alma yetkisi Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulundad\u0131r. Teknik kapasite g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olmal\u0131d\u0131r; fakat demokratik me\u015fruiyet ve anayasal sorumluluk Kurulda kalmal\u0131d\u0131r. Madde 104\u2019\u00fcn se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenli\u011fi haritas\u0131 G\u00fcvence Alan\u0131 Anayasal \u0130\u015flev Korudu\u011fu De\u011fer Adayl\u0131k ve liste Ba\u015fvurular\u0131n ve kesin listelerin e\u015fit y\u00f6netilmesi Adayl\u0131k e\u015fitli\u011fi Se\u00e7men k\u00fct\u00fc\u011f\u00fc G\u00fcncel, do\u011frulanabilir ve itiraza a\u00e7\u0131k kay\u0131t Se\u00e7me hakk\u0131 Sand\u0131k ve say\u0131m Gizli oy, a\u00e7\u0131k say\u0131m-d\u00f6k\u00fcm ve sand\u0131k g\u00fcvenli\u011fi Oy g\u00fcvenli\u011fi Se\u00e7im verileri Tutanak ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n e\u015fzamanl\u0131, a\u00e7\u0131k ve denetlenebilir korunmas\u0131 \u015eeffafl\u0131k ve do\u011frulanabilirlik Kampanya finansman\u0131 Denetimsiz desteklerin a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131, durdurulmas\u0131 ve yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 Yar\u0131\u015f e\u015fitli\u011fi Dijital g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck Platform g\u00fcc\u00fc, yapay zek\u00e2 ve veri manip\u00fclasyonuna kar\u015f\u0131 denetim Kamuoyunun serbest olu\u015fumu Kamu g\u00f6revlileri Aday destekleme, engelleme ve se\u00e7men y\u00f6nlendirme yasa\u011f\u0131 Devlet tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 oy Oy g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, e\u015fitlik ve makul s\u00fcrede kesin sonu\u00e7 Vatanda\u015fl\u0131k temelli se\u00e7me hakk\u0131 Bu harita, se\u00e7im g\u00fcvencelerinin tek bir sand\u0131k g\u00fcvenli\u011fi meselesi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Se\u00e7im, adayl\u0131k dosyas\u0131ndan dijital g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe, sand\u0131k tutana\u011f\u0131ndan kampanya finansman\u0131na kadar \u00e7ok a\u015famal\u0131 bir anayasal g\u00fcvenlik sistemi gerektirir. 119. madde korumas\u0131 se\u00e7im d\u00fczeninde neyi engeller? Madde 104, Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulunun ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, se\u00e7im ve veri g\u00fcvenli\u011fi kapasitesi ile kesin sonu\u00e7 yetkisinin 119. maddeye g\u00f6re korunaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenler. Bu at\u0131f, se\u00e7im sisteminin teknik gerek\u00e7elerle veya ge\u00e7ici \u00e7o\u011funluk etkisiyle zay\u0131flat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyen anayasal kilit g\u00f6revi g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Se\u00e7im kurulu do\u011frudan kald\u0131r\u0131lmadan da etkisizle\u015ftirilebilir. Veri altyap\u0131s\u0131 zay\u0131f b\u0131rak\u0131labilir. Tutanak g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flanmayabilir. Kampanya finansman\u0131 denetlenmeyebilir. Dijital g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck takip edilmeyebilir. \u00dcye belirleme havuzu daralt\u0131labilir. Kurulun b\u00fct\u00e7esi ve teknik personeli yetersiz b\u0131rak\u0131labilir. \u0130tiraz kay\u0131tlar\u0131 \u015feffaf tutulmayabilir. 119. madde ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131, bu t\u00fcr dolayl\u0131 zay\u0131flatmalar\u0131n se\u00e7im g\u00fcvencelerini ortadan kald\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller. Se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenceleri, yaln\u0131z se\u00e7im g\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ge\u00e7ici tedbirler de\u011fildir. S\u00fcrekli teknik kapasite, kurumsal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, tarafs\u0131z \u00fcyelik, veri g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve kesin sonu\u00e7 yetkisi birlikte korunmal\u0131d\u0131r. Aksi h\u00e2lde se\u00e7im y\u00f6netimi bi\u00e7imsel kal\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7: Se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenceleri millet iradesinin anayasal emniyet sistemidir Se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenceleri, Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde millet iradesinin serbest, e\u015fit, g\u00fcvenli, \u015feffaf ve do\u011frulanabilir bi\u00e7imde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan en kritik anayasal d\u00fczenlerden biridir. Madde 104, Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulunu se\u00e7imlerin ve halkoylamalar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczen i\u00e7inde y\u00f6netilmesini, d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, g\u00fcvenli\u011fini ve kesin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesini sa\u011flayan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z anayasal se\u00e7im mercii olarak d\u00fczenler. Se\u00e7imler serbestlik, e\u015fitlik, gizli oy, a\u00e7\u0131k say\u0131m-d\u00f6k\u00fcm, genel oy, tek derecelilik, adayl\u0131k e\u015fitli\u011fi, sand\u0131k g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, \u015feffafl\u0131k, yarg\u0131 y\u00f6netimi ve denetimi esaslar\u0131yla yap\u0131l\u0131r. Bu maddenin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc taraf\u0131, se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenli\u011fini yaln\u0131z sand\u0131k \u00e7evresine hapsetmemesidir. Se\u00e7men k\u00fct\u00fckleri, adayl\u0131k kay\u0131tlar\u0131, kura s\u00fcre\u00e7leri, kampanya finansman\u0131, kamu yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, dijital g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck, sand\u0131k sonu\u00e7 ak\u0131\u015f\u0131, yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 oy s\u00fcre\u00e7leri ve itiraz kay\u0131tlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k, do\u011frulanabilir, e\u015fzamanl\u0131 ve sonradan denetlenebilir \u015fekilde korunur. Kamu g\u00f6revlileri yetkilerini se\u00e7im tercihini etkileyecek bi\u00e7imde kullanamaz. Dijital ara\u00e7, veri hizmeti, yapay zek\u00e2, platform g\u00fcc\u00fc, \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc finansman veya yabanc\u0131 etkiyle se\u00e7im iradesi manip\u00fcle edilemez. Sonu\u00e7 olarak Madde 104, Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulunu yaln\u0131z sonu\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131klayan bir kurum olarak de\u011fil, se\u00e7im iradesini ba\u015ftan sona koruyan anayasal g\u00fcvenlik merkezi olarak tasarlar. Kurul on bir \u00fcyeden olu\u015fur; y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131 veya nitelikli h\u00e2kim-savc\u0131lar, se\u00e7im ve kamu hukuku akademisyenleri ile barolar aras\u0131nda \u00e7o\u011fulcu yap\u0131 kurulur. \u00dcyeliklerde 56. madde liyakat havuzu ve tarafs\u0131z kura g\u00fcvenceleri uygulan\u0131r; Kurulun ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, se\u00e7im ve veri g\u00fcvenli\u011fi kapasitesi ile kesin sonu\u00e7 yetkisi 119. maddeye g\u00f6re korunur. Bu nedenle se\u00e7im g\u00fcvenceleri, bu anayasa modelinde millet iradesi, se\u00e7me ve se\u00e7ilme hakk\u0131, adayl\u0131k e\u015fitli\u011fi, sand\u0131k g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, dijital \u015feffafl\u0131k, kamu g\u00f6revlilerinin tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kesin sonu\u00e7 g\u00fcveni aras\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f temel anayasal emniyet sistemidir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":389,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-388","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bagimsiz-kurumlar-ve-kamu-denetimi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/388","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=388"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/388\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":390,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/388\/revisions\/390"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/389"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=388"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=388"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=388"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}