{"id":381,"date":"2026-06-21T06:45:07","date_gmt":"2026-06-21T06:45:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/?p=381"},"modified":"2026-06-21T06:45:07","modified_gmt":"2026-06-21T06:45:07","slug":"uyusmazlik-mahkemesi-madde-102","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/uyusmazlik-mahkemesi-madde-102\/","title":{"rendered":"Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131\u2019nda Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi (Madde 102)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi<\/strong>, bir davan\u0131n hangi yarg\u0131 kolunda g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi konusunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan belirsizli\u011fi gidererek hak arama h\u00fcrriyetinin yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 aras\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyen \u00f6zel anayasal mahkemedir. Bir hukuk d\u00fczeninde adli yarg\u0131, idari yarg\u0131, anayasa yarg\u0131s\u0131 ve kanunla \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen di\u011fer yarg\u0131 yollar\u0131 farkl\u0131 g\u00f6rev alanlar\u0131na sahip olabilir. Bu ayr\u0131m, uzmanla\u015fma ve do\u011fru yarg\u0131lama i\u00e7in gereklidir. Ancak yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131r her zaman kolay \u00e7izilmez. Bir mahkeme \u201cbu dava benim g\u00f6rev alan\u0131mda de\u011fil\u201d derken ba\u015fka bir mahkeme de ayn\u0131 uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcstlenmezse, vatanda\u015f\u0131n davas\u0131 ortada kalabilir. Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi tam bu noktada devreye girer.<\/p>\n

Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131<\/a> i\u00e7inde Madde 102, Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesini adli, idari ve di\u011fer yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6rev ve h\u00fck\u00fcm uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kesin olarak \u00e7\u00f6zmekle g\u00f6revli k\u0131lar. Bu d\u00fczenleme, yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki teknik ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 vatanda\u015f aleyhine i\u015fleyen bir labirente d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmemek i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir. Ki\u015fi hangi mahkemeye gidece\u011fini bilemedi\u011finde, mahkemeler birbirini i\u015faret etti\u011finde veya farkl\u0131 yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 ayn\u0131 konuda \u00e7eli\u015fkili h\u00fck\u00fcmler verdi\u011finde hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi zedelenir. Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi, bu belirsizli\u011fi kesin karar yoluyla giderir.<\/p>\n

Madde 102\u2019nin \u00f6zg\u00fcn taraf\u0131, Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesinin yaln\u0131z g\u00f6rev alan\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, kurulu\u015f ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma g\u00fcvencelerini de anayasal d\u00fczeye ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131d\u0131r. Mahkemenin kurulu\u015fu, \u00fcyeleri, ba\u015fkanl\u0131k yap\u0131s\u0131, g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma usul\u00fc ve karar yeter say\u0131lar\u0131; yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 aras\u0131nda denge, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k, hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve makul s\u00fcre ilkeleri korunarak kanunla d\u00fczenlenir. B\u00f6ylece Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi, yaln\u0131z \u201changi mahkeme bakacak?\u201d sorusunu cevaplayan teknik bir kurul de\u011fil, yarg\u0131 d\u00fczeni i\u00e7inde hak arama yolunu a\u00e7an, g\u00f6rev s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 netle\u015ftiren ve yarg\u0131sal kilitlenmeyi \u00e7\u00f6zen<\/strong> anayasal g\u00fcvence kurumu h\u00e2line gelir.<\/p>\n

Bir dava mahkemeler aras\u0131nda kal\u0131rsa ne olur?<\/h2>\n

Yarg\u0131 sistemi farkl\u0131 kollara ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bazen uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n hangi mahkemede g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 h\u00e2le gelir. \u00d6rne\u011fin bir i\u015flem idari i\u015flem gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilir; fakat \u00f6zel hukuk ili\u015fkisiyle de ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olabilir. Bir kamu kurumu taraf olabilir; ancak uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k s\u00f6zle\u015fme, tazminat, hizmet kusuru, m\u00fclkiyet veya kamu g\u00f6revi gibi farkl\u0131 hukuki alanlara temas edebilir. Bu gibi durumlarda adli yarg\u0131 ile idari yarg\u0131 aras\u0131nda g\u00f6rev tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kabilir.<\/p>\n

Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi bu tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 kesin olarak \u00e7\u00f6zer. Bu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm, yaln\u0131z mahkemelerin i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fczenlemek i\u00e7in de\u011fil, vatanda\u015f\u0131n davas\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcr\u00fcncemede kalmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in gereklidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc g\u00f6rev uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 uzad\u0131k\u00e7a esas uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclemez. Hak arama s\u00fcreci g\u00f6rev tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6lgesinde kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Fransa\u2019daki yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6rev uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zen mahkeme modeli<\/a>, idari ve adli mahkemeler aras\u0131nda hangi yarg\u0131 yolunun g\u00f6revli oldu\u011funu belirleyen kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 bir \u00f6rnek sunar. Bu \u00f6rnek, Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi fikrinin sadece teknik de\u011fil, hak arama d\u00fczeni bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

Madde 102 \u2013 Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi; adli, idari ve di\u011fer yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6rev ve h\u00fck\u00fcm uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kesin olarak \u00e7\u00f6zmekle g\u00f6revlidir. Mahkemenin kurulu\u015fu, \u00fcyeleri, ba\u015fkanl\u0131k yap\u0131s\u0131, g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma usul\u00fc ve karar yeter say\u0131lar\u0131; yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 aras\u0131nda denge, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k, hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve makul s\u00fcre ilkeleri korunarak kanunla d\u00fczenlenir.<\/p>\n

\u00dcyeler, yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 aras\u0131nda denge korunarak 56. maddeye g\u00f6re belirlenir; Mahkemenin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, karar kapasitesi, yarg\u0131 dengesi ve \u00fcyelik g\u00fcvenceleri 119. maddeye g\u00f6re korunur.<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer mahkemelerle Anayasa Mahkemesi aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6rev uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131nda Anayasa Mahkemesinin karar\u0131 esas al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

G\u00f6rev uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131: dosyan\u0131n do\u011fru kap\u0131ya ula\u015fmas\u0131<\/h2>\n

G\u00f6rev uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131, bir davaya hangi yarg\u0131 kolunun bakaca\u011f\u0131 konusunda \u00e7\u0131kan anla\u015fmazl\u0131kt\u0131r. Bu uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k bazen olumsuz bi\u00e7imde do\u011far: Bir mahkeme g\u00f6revsizlik karar\u0131 verir, ba\u015fka mahkeme de g\u00f6revi kabul etmez. Bazen olumlu bi\u00e7imde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar: Birden fazla yarg\u0131 kolu ayn\u0131 uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00fczerinde g\u00f6revli oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilir. Her iki durumda da hukuk d\u00fczeni net bir cevap \u00fcretmelidir.<\/p>\n

Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi, g\u00f6revin do\u011fru yarg\u0131 koluna ait oldu\u011funu belirleyerek usul\u00ee belirsizli\u011fi sona erdirir. Bu karar\u0131n kesin olmas\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir. Aksi h\u00e2lde g\u00f6rev tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 s\u00fcrekli devam eder ve yarg\u0131lama esas meseleye ge\u00e7emez.<\/p>\n

Bu kurum, mahkemelerin hiyerar\u015fik \u00fcst\u00fc gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaz. Adli yarg\u0131n\u0131n veya idari yarg\u0131n\u0131n yerine ge\u00e7erek davan\u0131n esas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmez. Onun g\u00f6revi, davan\u0131n hangi yarg\u0131 yolunda g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi gerekti\u011fini belirlemektir. B\u00f6ylece dosya do\u011fru adrese y\u00f6nelir ve esas yarg\u0131lama kendi do\u011fal mahkemesinde devam eder.<\/p>\n

H\u00fck\u00fcm uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 neden daha a\u011f\u0131r sonu\u00e7 do\u011furabilir?<\/h2>\n

Madde 102 yaln\u0131z g\u00f6rev uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, h\u00fck\u00fcm uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesinin g\u00f6rev alan\u0131na al\u0131r. H\u00fck\u00fcm uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131, farkl\u0131 yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 veya ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 konuda birbiriyle ba\u011fda\u015fmayan kararlar vermesiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir. Bu durum, hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan g\u00f6rev uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan daha a\u011f\u0131r sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furabilir.<\/p>\n

Bir yarg\u0131 kolu ki\u015finin hakl\u0131 oldu\u011funa, ba\u015fka bir yarg\u0131 kolu ayn\u0131 hukuki olayda haks\u0131z oldu\u011funa karar verirse, vatanda\u015f hangi karara g\u00f6re hareket edece\u011fini bilemez. \u0130dare hangi h\u00fckm\u00fc uygulayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirlemekte zorlan\u0131r. Hukuk d\u00fczeni kendi i\u00e7inde \u00e7eli\u015fkili g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. H\u00fck\u00fcm uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu nedenle yaln\u0131z taraflar i\u00e7in de\u011fil, yarg\u0131 sisteminin tutarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in de sorun olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesinin h\u00fck\u00fcm uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kesin olarak \u00e7\u00f6zmesi, \u00e7eli\u015fkili yarg\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r. Bu g\u00f6rev, mahkemeler aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131r sorununu yaln\u0131z ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 a\u015famas\u0131nda de\u011fil, karar sonras\u0131nda da hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ele al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 aras\u0131nda denge nas\u0131l kurulur?<\/h2>\n

Madde 102, Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesinin kurulu\u015funda ve \u00fcyelerinin belirlenmesinde yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 aras\u0131nda denge korunaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler. Bu ilke \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi adli, idari ve di\u011fer yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 belirler. B\u00f6yle bir mahkemenin \u00fcyelik yap\u0131s\u0131 tek bir yarg\u0131 kolunun a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda kal\u0131rsa tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k alg\u0131s\u0131 zedelenebilir.<\/p>\n

Yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 dengesi, mahkemenin hem adli hem idari hem de di\u011fer yarg\u0131 alanlar\u0131n\u0131 anlayabilmesini sa\u011flar. Adli yarg\u0131 \u00f6zel hukuk ve ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131 prati\u011fini ta\u015f\u0131r. \u0130dari yarg\u0131 kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc, idari i\u015flem, hizmet kusuru, d\u00fczenleyici i\u015flem ve kamu hizmeti alan\u0131n\u0131 bilir. Di\u011fer yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 veya \u00f6zel yarg\u0131 alanlar\u0131 varsa, onlar\u0131n g\u00f6rev s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 da dengeli bi\u00e7imde dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Avrupa e-Adalet Portal\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yarg\u0131 sistemlerinde g\u00f6rev uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcne ili\u015fkin a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131<\/a>, Fransa\u2019da adli ve idari mahkemeler aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6rev \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zel bir uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k mahkemesi taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc belirtir. Bu t\u00fcr modellerde ortak nokta, yarg\u0131 yollar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ve dengeli bir yap\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan netle\u015ftirilmesidir.<\/p>\n

56. madde ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131: \u00fcyelikte liyakat ve tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k<\/h2>\n

Madde 102\u2019ye g\u00f6re \u00fcyeler, yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 aras\u0131nda denge korunarak 56. maddeye g\u00f6re belirlenir. Bu at\u0131f, Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesinin \u00fcyelik s\u00fcrecini objektif liyakat, a\u00e7\u0131k yeterlik, tarafs\u0131z kura, itiraz ve denetlenebilirlik ilkeleriyle ili\u015fkilendirir. B\u00f6ylece mahkeme \u00fcyeli\u011fi kapal\u0131 belirleme alan\u0131 olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n

Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi teknik ve hassas bir g\u00f6rev y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcr. Bir davan\u0131n adli yarg\u0131da m\u0131, idari yarg\u0131da m\u0131, ba\u015fka bir yarg\u0131 kolunda m\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fine karar verirken hem usul hukuku hem kamu hukuku hem \u00f6zel hukuk hem yarg\u0131 te\u015fkilat\u0131 bilgisi gerekir. Bu nedenle \u00fcyelerin yaln\u0131z unvan ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 yetmez; ger\u00e7ek mesleki yeterlik ve tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k g\u00fcvencesi aranmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

56. madde ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131, \u00fcyeliklerin ki\u015fiye, d\u00f6neme, kapal\u0131 kontenjana veya kurumsal sadakate g\u00f6re belirlenmesini \u00f6nlemeye y\u00f6neliktir. Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi, farkl\u0131 yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcven duyaca\u011f\u0131 bir yap\u0131ya sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

119. madde korumas\u0131: Teknik d\u00fczenleme ile zay\u0131flatma yasa\u011f\u0131<\/h2>\n

Madde 102, Mahkemenin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, karar kapasitesi, yarg\u0131 dengesi ve \u00fcyelik g\u00fcvencelerinin 119. maddeye g\u00f6re korunaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Bu g\u00fcvence, Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesinin yaln\u0131z a\u00e7\u0131k m\u00fcdahalelere kar\u015f\u0131 de\u011fil, teknik g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcml\u00fc zay\u0131flatmalara kar\u015f\u0131 da korunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

Bir mahkeme do\u011frudan kald\u0131r\u0131lmadan da etkisizle\u015ftirilebilir. \u00dcyelik dengesi bozulabilir. Karar yeter say\u0131lar\u0131 kilitlenebilir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma usulleri gereksiz gecikmeye yol a\u00e7acak bi\u00e7imde d\u00fczenlenebilir. Belirli yarg\u0131 kolunun etkisi art\u0131r\u0131labilir. Aday havuzu daralt\u0131labilir. Bu t\u00fcr d\u00fczenlemeler g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrde teknik olabilir; fakat mahkemenin karar kapasitesini ve tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 zedeler.<\/p>\n

119. madde ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 bu nedenle kritik \u00f6nemdedir. Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi, g\u00f6rev ve h\u00fck\u00fcm uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 makul s\u00fcrede ve kesin bi\u00e7imde \u00e7\u00f6zebilecek ger\u00e7ek kapasiteye sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00fcvence yaln\u0131z k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde de\u011fil, i\u015fleyen mahkeme yap\u0131s\u0131nda anlam kazan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

K\u0131sa kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma: g\u00f6rev uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve h\u00fck\u00fcm uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k T\u00fcr\u00fc<\/th>\nOrtaya \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 A\u015fama<\/th>\nTemel Risk<\/th>\nUyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesinin Rol\u00fc<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
G\u00f6rev uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/td>\nDavan\u0131n hangi yarg\u0131 kolunda g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi belirlenirken<\/td>\nDosyan\u0131n mahkemeler aras\u0131nda kalmas\u0131 veya \u00e7ifte g\u00f6rev iddias\u0131<\/td>\nYetkili yarg\u0131 kolunu kesin olarak belirler<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
H\u00fck\u00fcm uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/td>\nFarkl\u0131 yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 karar verdikten sonra<\/td>\n\u00c7eli\u015fkili kararlar nedeniyle hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011finin bozulmas\u0131<\/td>\n\u00c7eli\u015fkiyi gidererek uygulanabilir hukuki sonucu netle\u015ftirir<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Bu ayr\u0131m, Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesinin neden yaln\u0131z ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 a\u015famas\u0131ndaki g\u00f6rev sorunlar\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Mahkeme, yarg\u0131 sisteminin hem giri\u015f kap\u0131s\u0131ndaki hem karar sonras\u0131ndaki kilitlenmeleri \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in d\u00fczenlenir.<\/p>\n

Makul s\u00fcre: uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmeyen \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olmaz<\/h2>\n

Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesinin kararlar\u0131 makul s\u00fcrede verilmelidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc g\u00f6rev uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclemeden esas dava ilerleyemez. E\u011fer mahkeme ge\u00e7 karar verirse, vatanda\u015f\u0131n as\u0131l hakk\u0131 bekler. Bu nedenle Madde 102, mahkemenin kurulu\u015f ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma usullerinde makul s\u00fcre ilkesinin korunmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zellikle ister.<\/p>\n

Makul s\u00fcre burada iki d\u00fczeyde anlam ta\u015f\u0131r. Birincisi, Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi kendi \u00f6n\u00fcndeki g\u00f6rev veya h\u00fck\u00fcm uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 geciktirmeden \u00e7\u00f6zmelidir. \u0130kincisi, verece\u011fi karar as\u0131l yarg\u0131laman\u0131n h\u0131zla devam etmesini sa\u011flamal\u0131d\u0131r. Yani mahkemenin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yarg\u0131lamay\u0131 uzatan yeni bir b\u00fcrokratik a\u015fama de\u011fil, kilitlenmeyi gideren i\u015flevsel bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

CEPEJ\u2019in adalet sistemlerinde etkinlik ve kalite \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ili\u015fkin a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131<\/a>, yarg\u0131 sistemlerinin etkinli\u011fini ve kullan\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fcvenini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmeyi hedefler. Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan makul s\u00fcre, tam da bu etkinlik meselesinin merkezindedir: G\u00f6rev tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, hak arama yolunu t\u00fcketen uzun bir bekleme s\u00fcrecine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmemelidir.<\/p>\n

Anayasa Mahkemesiyle g\u00f6rev uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olursa<\/h2>\n

Madde 102\u2019nin son f\u0131kras\u0131, di\u011fer mahkemelerle Anayasa Mahkemesi aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6rev uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131nda Anayasa Mahkemesinin karar\u0131n\u0131n esas al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, anayasa yarg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zel konumundan kaynaklan\u0131r. Anayasa Mahkemesi, Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, temel haklar\u0131 ve anayasal d\u00fczeni koruyan y\u00fcksek mahkemedir. Bu nedenle di\u011fer mahkemelerle g\u00f6rev \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Anayasa Mahkemesinin kendi g\u00f6rev alan\u0131na ili\u015fkin de\u011ferlendirmesi esas al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu d\u00fczenleme, Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesinin g\u00f6revini de\u011fersizle\u015ftirmez. Tam tersine, yarg\u0131 d\u00fczeninde hiyerar\u015fik \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma \u00e7\u0131kmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131k bir s\u0131n\u0131r koyar. Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi adli, idari ve di\u011fer yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6rev ve h\u00fck\u00fcm uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zer. Ancak Anayasa Mahkemesi ile di\u011fer mahkemeler aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6rev uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda anayasa yarg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zel konumu korunur.<\/p>\n

Bu kural, hem yarg\u0131 d\u00fczeninin b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hem de Anayasa Mahkemesinin anayasal denetim g\u00f6revini etkili bi\u00e7imde kullanabilmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. B\u00f6ylece g\u00f6rev uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 anayasal yarg\u0131n\u0131n i\u015flevini kilitleyecek bir alana d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmez.<\/p>\n

Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesinin anayasal i\u015flev haritas\u0131<\/h2>\n
    \n
  • G\u00f6rev s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 netle\u015ftirir:<\/strong> Davan\u0131n hangi yarg\u0131 kolunda g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fini kesin olarak belirler.<\/li>\n
  • H\u00fck\u00fcm \u00e7eli\u015fkisini giderir:<\/strong> Farkl\u0131 yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00e7eli\u015fkili kararlar\u0131n hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fini bozmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler.<\/li>\n
  • Yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 dengesini korur:<\/strong> \u00dcyelik ve i\u015fleyi\u015f yap\u0131s\u0131 tek bir yarg\u0131 kolunun etkisine b\u0131rak\u0131lmaz.<\/li>\n
  • Makul s\u00fcreyi destekler:<\/strong> G\u00f6rev tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n as\u0131l yarg\u0131lamay\u0131 kilitlemesini engeller.<\/li>\n
  • 56. maddeyle liyakati sa\u011flar:<\/strong> \u00dcyelikler objektif ve denetlenebilir belirleme g\u00fcvencelerine ba\u011flan\u0131r.<\/li>\n
  • 119. maddeyle kurumsal g\u00fcvenceleri korur:<\/strong> Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k, karar kapasitesi ve yarg\u0131 dengesi zay\u0131flat\u0131lamaz.<\/li>\n
  • Anayasa Mahkemesinin \u00f6zel konumunu tan\u0131r:<\/strong> Anayasa Mahkemesiyle g\u00f6rev uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda onun karar\u0131 esas al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Bu i\u015flev haritas\u0131, Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesinin yarg\u0131 sistemi i\u00e7inde sessiz ama kritik bir denge kurumu oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. Dava hangi yarg\u0131 koluna ait olursa olsun, hak arama yolunun teknik g\u00f6rev tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 nedeniyle kapanmamas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n

    Sonu\u00e7: Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi yarg\u0131 yollar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki kilidi \u00e7\u00f6zer<\/h2>\n

    Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi, Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde adli, idari ve di\u011fer yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6rev ve h\u00fck\u00fcm uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kesin olarak \u00e7\u00f6zmekle g\u00f6revli anayasal mahkemedir. Madde 102, bu mahkemenin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yaln\u0131z teknik bir yarg\u0131 te\u015fkilat\u0131 konusu olarak de\u011fil, hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve hak arama h\u00fcrriyeti bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zorunlu bir g\u00fcvence olarak d\u00fczenler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc mahkemeler aras\u0131nda g\u00f6rev belirsizli\u011fi ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda vatanda\u015f\u0131n as\u0131l davas\u0131 ilerleyemez; h\u00fck\u00fcm uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011fdu\u011funda ise hukuk d\u00fczeni \u00e7eli\u015fkili sonu\u00e7lar \u00fcretir.<\/p>\n

    Bu maddenin en \u00f6nemli y\u00f6n\u00fc, Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesinin kurulu\u015f ve i\u015fleyi\u015finde yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 aras\u0131nda denge, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k, hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve makul s\u00fcre ilkelerini birlikte korumas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dcyeler yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 aras\u0131nda denge g\u00f6zetilerek 56. maddeye g\u00f6re belirlenir. Mahkemenin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, karar kapasitesi, yarg\u0131 dengesi ve \u00fcyelik g\u00fcvenceleri 119. maddeye g\u00f6re korunur. B\u00f6ylece mahkeme, bir yarg\u0131 kolunun di\u011ferine \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck kurdu\u011fu bir yap\u0131 de\u011fil, yarg\u0131 yollar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 g\u00fcvenilir bi\u00e7imde belirleyen denge kurumu h\u00e2line gelir.<\/p>\n

    Sonu\u00e7 olarak Madde 102, Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesini hak arama yolunu a\u00e7an, yarg\u0131 sisteminin kendi i\u00e7indeki g\u00f6rev karma\u015fas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zen ve \u00e7eli\u015fkili h\u00fck\u00fcmlerden do\u011fabilecek hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 gideren \u00f6zel bir anayasal mekanizma olarak tasarlar. Di\u011fer mahkemelerle Anayasa Mahkemesi aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6rev uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131nda Anayasa Mahkemesinin karar\u0131n\u0131n esas al\u0131nmas\u0131 ise anayasa yarg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zel konumunu korur. Bu nedenle Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi, bu anayasa modelinde g\u00f6rev uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131, h\u00fck\u00fcm uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131, yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 dengesi, makul s\u00fcre, hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve anayasal yarg\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/strong> aras\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f temel \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm mahkemesidir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi, bir davan\u0131n hangi yarg\u0131 kolunda g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi konusunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan belirsizli\u011fi gidererek hak arama h\u00fcrriyetinin yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 aras\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyen \u00f6zel anayasal mahkemedir. Bir hukuk d\u00fczeninde adli yarg\u0131, idari yarg\u0131, anayasa yarg\u0131s\u0131 ve kanunla \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen di\u011fer yarg\u0131 yollar\u0131 farkl\u0131 g\u00f6rev alanlar\u0131na sahip olabilir. Bu ayr\u0131m, uzmanla\u015fma ve do\u011fru yarg\u0131lama i\u00e7in gereklidir. Ancak yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131r her zaman kolay \u00e7izilmez. Bir mahkeme \u201cbu dava benim g\u00f6rev alan\u0131mda de\u011fil\u201d derken ba\u015fka bir mahkeme de ayn\u0131 uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcstlenmezse, vatanda\u015f\u0131n davas\u0131 ortada kalabilir. Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi tam bu noktada devreye girer. Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde Madde 102, Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesini adli, idari ve di\u011fer yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6rev ve h\u00fck\u00fcm uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kesin olarak \u00e7\u00f6zmekle g\u00f6revli k\u0131lar. Bu d\u00fczenleme, yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki teknik ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 vatanda\u015f aleyhine i\u015fleyen bir labirente d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmemek i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir. Ki\u015fi hangi mahkemeye gidece\u011fini bilemedi\u011finde, mahkemeler birbirini i\u015faret etti\u011finde veya farkl\u0131 yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 ayn\u0131 konuda \u00e7eli\u015fkili h\u00fck\u00fcmler verdi\u011finde hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi zedelenir. Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi, bu belirsizli\u011fi kesin karar yoluyla giderir. Madde 102\u2019nin \u00f6zg\u00fcn taraf\u0131, Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesinin yaln\u0131z g\u00f6rev alan\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, kurulu\u015f ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma g\u00fcvencelerini de anayasal d\u00fczeye ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131d\u0131r. Mahkemenin kurulu\u015fu, \u00fcyeleri, ba\u015fkanl\u0131k yap\u0131s\u0131, g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma usul\u00fc ve karar yeter say\u0131lar\u0131; yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 aras\u0131nda denge, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k, hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve makul s\u00fcre ilkeleri korunarak kanunla d\u00fczenlenir. B\u00f6ylece Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi, yaln\u0131z \u201changi mahkeme bakacak?\u201d sorusunu cevaplayan teknik bir kurul de\u011fil, yarg\u0131 d\u00fczeni i\u00e7inde hak arama yolunu a\u00e7an, g\u00f6rev s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 netle\u015ftiren ve yarg\u0131sal kilitlenmeyi \u00e7\u00f6zen anayasal g\u00fcvence kurumu h\u00e2line gelir. Bir dava mahkemeler aras\u0131nda kal\u0131rsa ne olur? Yarg\u0131 sistemi farkl\u0131 kollara ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bazen uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n hangi mahkemede g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 h\u00e2le gelir. \u00d6rne\u011fin bir i\u015flem idari i\u015flem gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilir; fakat \u00f6zel hukuk ili\u015fkisiyle de ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olabilir. Bir kamu kurumu taraf olabilir; ancak uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k s\u00f6zle\u015fme, tazminat, hizmet kusuru, m\u00fclkiyet veya kamu g\u00f6revi gibi farkl\u0131 hukuki alanlara temas edebilir. Bu gibi durumlarda adli yarg\u0131 ile idari yarg\u0131 aras\u0131nda g\u00f6rev tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kabilir. Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi bu tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 kesin olarak \u00e7\u00f6zer. Bu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm, yaln\u0131z mahkemelerin i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fczenlemek i\u00e7in de\u011fil, vatanda\u015f\u0131n davas\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcr\u00fcncemede kalmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in gereklidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc g\u00f6rev uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 uzad\u0131k\u00e7a esas uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclemez. Hak arama s\u00fcreci g\u00f6rev tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6lgesinde kal\u0131r. Fransa\u2019daki yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6rev uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zen mahkeme modeli, idari ve adli mahkemeler aras\u0131nda hangi yarg\u0131 yolunun g\u00f6revli oldu\u011funu belirleyen kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 bir \u00f6rnek sunar. Bu \u00f6rnek, Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi fikrinin sadece teknik de\u011fil, hak arama d\u00fczeni bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. Madde 102 \u2013 Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi; adli, idari ve di\u011fer yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6rev ve h\u00fck\u00fcm uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kesin olarak \u00e7\u00f6zmekle g\u00f6revlidir. Mahkemenin kurulu\u015fu, \u00fcyeleri, ba\u015fkanl\u0131k yap\u0131s\u0131, g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma usul\u00fc ve karar yeter say\u0131lar\u0131; yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 aras\u0131nda denge, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k, hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve makul s\u00fcre ilkeleri korunarak kanunla d\u00fczenlenir. \u00dcyeler, yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 aras\u0131nda denge korunarak 56. maddeye g\u00f6re belirlenir; Mahkemenin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, karar kapasitesi, yarg\u0131 dengesi ve \u00fcyelik g\u00fcvenceleri 119. maddeye g\u00f6re korunur. Di\u011fer mahkemelerle Anayasa Mahkemesi aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6rev uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131nda Anayasa Mahkemesinin karar\u0131 esas al\u0131n\u0131r. G\u00f6rev uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131: dosyan\u0131n do\u011fru kap\u0131ya ula\u015fmas\u0131 G\u00f6rev uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131, bir davaya hangi yarg\u0131 kolunun bakaca\u011f\u0131 konusunda \u00e7\u0131kan anla\u015fmazl\u0131kt\u0131r. Bu uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k bazen olumsuz bi\u00e7imde do\u011far: Bir mahkeme g\u00f6revsizlik karar\u0131 verir, ba\u015fka mahkeme de g\u00f6revi kabul etmez. Bazen olumlu bi\u00e7imde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar: Birden fazla yarg\u0131 kolu ayn\u0131 uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00fczerinde g\u00f6revli oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilir. Her iki durumda da hukuk d\u00fczeni net bir cevap \u00fcretmelidir. Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi, g\u00f6revin do\u011fru yarg\u0131 koluna ait oldu\u011funu belirleyerek usul\u00ee belirsizli\u011fi sona erdirir. Bu karar\u0131n kesin olmas\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir. Aksi h\u00e2lde g\u00f6rev tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 s\u00fcrekli devam eder ve yarg\u0131lama esas meseleye ge\u00e7emez. Bu kurum, mahkemelerin hiyerar\u015fik \u00fcst\u00fc gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaz. Adli yarg\u0131n\u0131n veya idari yarg\u0131n\u0131n yerine ge\u00e7erek davan\u0131n esas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmez. Onun g\u00f6revi, davan\u0131n hangi yarg\u0131 yolunda g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi gerekti\u011fini belirlemektir. B\u00f6ylece dosya do\u011fru adrese y\u00f6nelir ve esas yarg\u0131lama kendi do\u011fal mahkemesinde devam eder. H\u00fck\u00fcm uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 neden daha a\u011f\u0131r sonu\u00e7 do\u011furabilir? Madde 102 yaln\u0131z g\u00f6rev uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, h\u00fck\u00fcm uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesinin g\u00f6rev alan\u0131na al\u0131r. H\u00fck\u00fcm uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131, farkl\u0131 yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 veya ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 konuda birbiriyle ba\u011fda\u015fmayan kararlar vermesiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir. Bu durum, hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan g\u00f6rev uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan daha a\u011f\u0131r sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furabilir. Bir yarg\u0131 kolu ki\u015finin hakl\u0131 oldu\u011funa, ba\u015fka bir yarg\u0131 kolu ayn\u0131 hukuki olayda haks\u0131z oldu\u011funa karar verirse, vatanda\u015f hangi karara g\u00f6re hareket edece\u011fini bilemez. \u0130dare hangi h\u00fckm\u00fc uygulayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirlemekte zorlan\u0131r. Hukuk d\u00fczeni kendi i\u00e7inde \u00e7eli\u015fkili g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. H\u00fck\u00fcm uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu nedenle yaln\u0131z taraflar i\u00e7in de\u011fil, yarg\u0131 sisteminin tutarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in de sorun olu\u015fturur. Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesinin h\u00fck\u00fcm uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kesin olarak \u00e7\u00f6zmesi, \u00e7eli\u015fkili yarg\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r. Bu g\u00f6rev, mahkemeler aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131r sorununu yaln\u0131z ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 a\u015famas\u0131nda de\u011fil, karar sonras\u0131nda da hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ele al\u0131r. Yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 aras\u0131nda denge nas\u0131l kurulur? Madde 102, Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesinin kurulu\u015funda ve \u00fcyelerinin belirlenmesinde yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 aras\u0131nda denge korunaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler. Bu ilke \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi adli, idari ve di\u011fer yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 belirler. B\u00f6yle bir mahkemenin \u00fcyelik yap\u0131s\u0131 tek bir yarg\u0131 kolunun a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda kal\u0131rsa tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k alg\u0131s\u0131 zedelenebilir. Yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 dengesi, mahkemenin hem adli hem idari hem de di\u011fer yarg\u0131 alanlar\u0131n\u0131 anlayabilmesini sa\u011flar. Adli yarg\u0131 \u00f6zel hukuk ve ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131 prati\u011fini ta\u015f\u0131r. \u0130dari yarg\u0131 kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc, idari i\u015flem, hizmet kusuru, d\u00fczenleyici i\u015flem ve kamu hizmeti alan\u0131n\u0131 bilir. Di\u011fer yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 veya \u00f6zel yarg\u0131 alanlar\u0131 varsa, onlar\u0131n g\u00f6rev s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 da dengeli bi\u00e7imde dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Avrupa e-Adalet Portal\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yarg\u0131 sistemlerinde g\u00f6rev uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcne ili\u015fkin a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131, Fransa\u2019da adli ve idari mahkemeler aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6rev \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zel bir uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k mahkemesi taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc belirtir. Bu t\u00fcr modellerde ortak nokta, yarg\u0131 yollar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ve dengeli bir yap\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan netle\u015ftirilmesidir. 56. madde ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131: \u00fcyelikte liyakat ve tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k Madde 102\u2019ye g\u00f6re \u00fcyeler, yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 aras\u0131nda denge korunarak 56. maddeye g\u00f6re belirlenir. Bu at\u0131f, Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesinin \u00fcyelik s\u00fcrecini objektif liyakat, a\u00e7\u0131k yeterlik, tarafs\u0131z kura, itiraz ve denetlenebilirlik ilkeleriyle ili\u015fkilendirir. B\u00f6ylece mahkeme \u00fcyeli\u011fi kapal\u0131 belirleme alan\u0131 olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar. Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi teknik ve hassas bir g\u00f6rev y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcr. Bir davan\u0131n adli yarg\u0131da m\u0131, idari yarg\u0131da m\u0131, ba\u015fka bir yarg\u0131 kolunda m\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fine karar verirken hem usul hukuku hem kamu hukuku hem \u00f6zel hukuk hem yarg\u0131 te\u015fkilat\u0131 bilgisi gerekir. Bu nedenle \u00fcyelerin yaln\u0131z unvan ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 yetmez; ger\u00e7ek mesleki yeterlik ve tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k g\u00fcvencesi aranmal\u0131d\u0131r. 56. madde ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131, \u00fcyeliklerin ki\u015fiye, d\u00f6neme, kapal\u0131 kontenjana veya kurumsal sadakate g\u00f6re belirlenmesini \u00f6nlemeye y\u00f6neliktir. Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi, farkl\u0131 yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcven duyaca\u011f\u0131 bir yap\u0131ya sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r. 119. madde korumas\u0131: Teknik d\u00fczenleme ile zay\u0131flatma yasa\u011f\u0131 Madde 102, Mahkemenin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, karar kapasitesi, yarg\u0131 dengesi ve \u00fcyelik g\u00fcvencelerinin 119. maddeye g\u00f6re korunaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Bu g\u00fcvence, Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesinin yaln\u0131z a\u00e7\u0131k m\u00fcdahalelere kar\u015f\u0131 de\u011fil, teknik g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcml\u00fc zay\u0131flatmalara kar\u015f\u0131 da korunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Bir mahkeme do\u011frudan kald\u0131r\u0131lmadan da etkisizle\u015ftirilebilir. \u00dcyelik dengesi bozulabilir. Karar yeter say\u0131lar\u0131 kilitlenebilir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma usulleri gereksiz gecikmeye yol a\u00e7acak bi\u00e7imde d\u00fczenlenebilir. Belirli yarg\u0131 kolunun etkisi art\u0131r\u0131labilir. Aday havuzu daralt\u0131labilir. Bu t\u00fcr d\u00fczenlemeler g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrde teknik olabilir; fakat mahkemenin karar kapasitesini ve tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 zedeler. 119. madde ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 bu nedenle kritik \u00f6nemdedir. Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi, g\u00f6rev ve h\u00fck\u00fcm uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 makul s\u00fcrede ve kesin bi\u00e7imde \u00e7\u00f6zebilecek ger\u00e7ek kapasiteye sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00fcvence yaln\u0131z k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde de\u011fil, i\u015fleyen mahkeme yap\u0131s\u0131nda anlam kazan\u0131r. K\u0131sa kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma: g\u00f6rev uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve h\u00fck\u00fcm uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k T\u00fcr\u00fc Ortaya \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 A\u015fama Temel Risk Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesinin Rol\u00fc G\u00f6rev uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Davan\u0131n hangi yarg\u0131 kolunda g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi belirlenirken Dosyan\u0131n mahkemeler aras\u0131nda kalmas\u0131 veya \u00e7ifte g\u00f6rev iddias\u0131 Yetkili yarg\u0131 kolunu kesin olarak belirler H\u00fck\u00fcm uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Farkl\u0131 yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 karar verdikten sonra \u00c7eli\u015fkili kararlar nedeniyle hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011finin bozulmas\u0131 \u00c7eli\u015fkiyi gidererek uygulanabilir hukuki sonucu netle\u015ftirir Bu ayr\u0131m, Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesinin neden yaln\u0131z ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 a\u015famas\u0131ndaki g\u00f6rev sorunlar\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Mahkeme, yarg\u0131 sisteminin hem giri\u015f kap\u0131s\u0131ndaki hem karar sonras\u0131ndaki kilitlenmeleri \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in d\u00fczenlenir. Makul s\u00fcre: uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmeyen \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olmaz Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesinin kararlar\u0131 makul s\u00fcrede verilmelidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc g\u00f6rev uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclemeden esas dava ilerleyemez. E\u011fer mahkeme ge\u00e7 karar verirse, vatanda\u015f\u0131n as\u0131l hakk\u0131 bekler. Bu nedenle Madde 102, mahkemenin kurulu\u015f ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma usullerinde makul s\u00fcre ilkesinin korunmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zellikle ister. Makul s\u00fcre burada iki d\u00fczeyde anlam ta\u015f\u0131r. Birincisi, Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi kendi \u00f6n\u00fcndeki g\u00f6rev veya h\u00fck\u00fcm uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 geciktirmeden \u00e7\u00f6zmelidir. \u0130kincisi, verece\u011fi karar as\u0131l yarg\u0131laman\u0131n h\u0131zla devam etmesini sa\u011flamal\u0131d\u0131r. Yani mahkemenin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yarg\u0131lamay\u0131 uzatan yeni bir b\u00fcrokratik a\u015fama de\u011fil, kilitlenmeyi gideren i\u015flevsel bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olmal\u0131d\u0131r. CEPEJ\u2019in adalet sistemlerinde etkinlik ve kalite \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ili\u015fkin a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131, yarg\u0131 sistemlerinin etkinli\u011fini ve kullan\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fcvenini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmeyi hedefler. Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan makul s\u00fcre, tam da bu etkinlik meselesinin merkezindedir: G\u00f6rev tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, hak arama yolunu t\u00fcketen uzun bir bekleme s\u00fcrecine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmemelidir. Anayasa Mahkemesiyle g\u00f6rev uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olursa Madde 102\u2019nin son f\u0131kras\u0131, di\u011fer mahkemelerle Anayasa Mahkemesi aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6rev uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131nda Anayasa Mahkemesinin karar\u0131n\u0131n esas al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, anayasa yarg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zel konumundan kaynaklan\u0131r. Anayasa Mahkemesi, Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, temel haklar\u0131 ve anayasal d\u00fczeni koruyan y\u00fcksek mahkemedir. Bu nedenle di\u011fer mahkemelerle g\u00f6rev \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Anayasa Mahkemesinin kendi g\u00f6rev alan\u0131na ili\u015fkin de\u011ferlendirmesi esas al\u0131n\u0131r. Bu d\u00fczenleme, Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesinin g\u00f6revini de\u011fersizle\u015ftirmez. Tam tersine, yarg\u0131 d\u00fczeninde hiyerar\u015fik \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma \u00e7\u0131kmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131k bir s\u0131n\u0131r koyar. Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi adli, idari ve di\u011fer yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6rev ve h\u00fck\u00fcm uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zer. Ancak Anayasa Mahkemesi ile di\u011fer mahkemeler aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6rev uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda anayasa yarg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zel konumu korunur. Bu kural, hem yarg\u0131 d\u00fczeninin b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hem de Anayasa Mahkemesinin anayasal denetim g\u00f6revini etkili bi\u00e7imde kullanabilmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. B\u00f6ylece g\u00f6rev uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 anayasal yarg\u0131n\u0131n i\u015flevini kilitleyecek bir alana d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmez. Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesinin anayasal i\u015flev haritas\u0131 G\u00f6rev s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 netle\u015ftirir: Davan\u0131n hangi yarg\u0131 kolunda g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fini kesin olarak belirler. H\u00fck\u00fcm \u00e7eli\u015fkisini giderir: Farkl\u0131 yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00e7eli\u015fkili kararlar\u0131n hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fini bozmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler. Yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 dengesini korur: \u00dcyelik ve i\u015fleyi\u015f yap\u0131s\u0131 tek bir yarg\u0131 kolunun etkisine b\u0131rak\u0131lmaz. Makul s\u00fcreyi destekler: G\u00f6rev tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n as\u0131l yarg\u0131lamay\u0131 kilitlemesini engeller. 56. maddeyle liyakati sa\u011flar: \u00dcyelikler objektif ve denetlenebilir belirleme g\u00fcvencelerine ba\u011flan\u0131r. 119. maddeyle kurumsal g\u00fcvenceleri korur: Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k, karar kapasitesi ve yarg\u0131 dengesi zay\u0131flat\u0131lamaz. Anayasa Mahkemesinin \u00f6zel konumunu tan\u0131r: Anayasa Mahkemesiyle g\u00f6rev uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda onun karar\u0131 esas al\u0131n\u0131r. Bu i\u015flev haritas\u0131, Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesinin yarg\u0131 sistemi i\u00e7inde sessiz ama kritik bir denge kurumu oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. Dava hangi yarg\u0131 koluna ait olursa olsun, hak arama yolunun teknik g\u00f6rev tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 nedeniyle kapanmamas\u0131 gerekir. Sonu\u00e7: Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi yarg\u0131 yollar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki kilidi \u00e7\u00f6zer Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi, Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde adli, idari ve di\u011fer yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6rev ve h\u00fck\u00fcm uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kesin olarak \u00e7\u00f6zmekle g\u00f6revli anayasal mahkemedir. Madde 102, bu mahkemenin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yaln\u0131z teknik bir yarg\u0131 te\u015fkilat\u0131 konusu olarak de\u011fil, hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve hak arama h\u00fcrriyeti bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zorunlu bir g\u00fcvence olarak d\u00fczenler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc mahkemeler aras\u0131nda g\u00f6rev belirsizli\u011fi ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda vatanda\u015f\u0131n as\u0131l davas\u0131 ilerleyemez; h\u00fck\u00fcm uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011fdu\u011funda ise hukuk d\u00fczeni \u00e7eli\u015fkili sonu\u00e7lar \u00fcretir. Bu maddenin en \u00f6nemli y\u00f6n\u00fc, Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesinin kurulu\u015f ve i\u015fleyi\u015finde yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 aras\u0131nda denge, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k, hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve makul s\u00fcre ilkelerini birlikte korumas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dcyeler yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 aras\u0131nda denge g\u00f6zetilerek 56. maddeye g\u00f6re belirlenir. Mahkemenin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, karar kapasitesi, yarg\u0131 dengesi ve \u00fcyelik g\u00fcvenceleri 119. maddeye g\u00f6re korunur. B\u00f6ylece mahkeme, bir yarg\u0131 kolunun di\u011ferine \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck kurdu\u011fu bir yap\u0131 de\u011fil, yarg\u0131 yollar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 g\u00fcvenilir bi\u00e7imde belirleyen denge kurumu h\u00e2line gelir. Sonu\u00e7 olarak Madde 102, Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesini hak arama yolunu a\u00e7an, yarg\u0131 sisteminin kendi i\u00e7indeki g\u00f6rev karma\u015fas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zen ve \u00e7eli\u015fkili h\u00fck\u00fcmlerden do\u011fabilecek hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 gideren \u00f6zel bir anayasal mekanizma olarak tasarlar. Di\u011fer mahkemelerle Anayasa Mahkemesi aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6rev uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131nda Anayasa Mahkemesinin karar\u0131n\u0131n esas al\u0131nmas\u0131 ise anayasa yarg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zel konumunu korur. Bu nedenle Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi, bu anayasa modelinde g\u00f6rev uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131, h\u00fck\u00fcm uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131, yarg\u0131 kollar\u0131 dengesi, makul s\u00fcre, hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve anayasal yarg\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc aras\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f temel \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm mahkemesidir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":382,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-381","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-yargi-ve-anayasal-denetim"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/381","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=381"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/381\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":384,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/381\/revisions\/384"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/382"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=381"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=381"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=381"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}