{"id":368,"date":"2026-06-19T10:18:08","date_gmt":"2026-06-19T10:18:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/?p=368"},"modified":"2026-06-19T10:18:08","modified_gmt":"2026-06-19T10:18:08","slug":"anayasa-mahkemesi-kararlarinin-baglayiciligi-madde-99","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/anayasa-mahkemesi-kararlarinin-baglayiciligi-madde-99\/","title":{"rendered":"Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131\u2019nda Anayasa Mahkemesi Kararlar\u0131n\u0131n Ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 (Madde 99)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong>, anayasal denetimin yaln\u0131z karar vermekle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmamas\u0131n\u0131, verilen karar\u0131n hukuk d\u00fczeni i\u00e7inde fiilen sonu\u00e7 do\u011furmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan temel g\u00fcvencedir. Bir anayasa mahkemesi kanunu, i\u015flemi veya uygulamay\u0131 Anayasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 bulabilir; fakat bu karar yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme, yarg\u0131, idare, ger\u00e7ek ve t\u00fczel ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan uygulanmazsa anayasal yarg\u0131 etkisizle\u015fir. Bu nedenle Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn pratik hayattaki kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Karar\u0131n kesin olmas\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn organlar\u0131 ba\u011flamas\u0131, gerek\u00e7eli bi\u00e7imde yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131 ve gere\u011finin Anayasaya uygun \u015fekilde yerine getirilmesi, hukuk devletinin en kritik a\u015famalar\u0131ndan biridir.<\/p>\n

Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131<\/a> i\u00e7inde Madde 99, Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n hukuk d\u00fczenindeki etkisini a\u00e7\u0131k ve sade bir sistemle d\u00fczenler. Kararlar kesindir; yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme, yarg\u0131, idare, ger\u00e7ek ve t\u00fczel ki\u015filer i\u00e7in ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130ptal kararlar\u0131 gerek\u00e7esi yaz\u0131lmadan a\u00e7\u0131klanamaz; Resm\u00ee Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131mlan\u0131r ve kural olarak yay\u0131m\u0131 tarihinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girer. Mahkeme, hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, s\u00fcreklilik ve do\u011facak bo\u015flu\u011fun niteli\u011fini g\u00f6zeterek iptal karar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc erteleyebilir. Bu sistem, hem Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc hem de hukuk d\u00fczeninde ani bo\u015fluk do\u011fmamas\u0131n\u0131 birlikte korur.<\/p>\n

Madde 99\u2019un temel yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 \u015fudur: Anayasa Mahkemesi karar\u0131 yaln\u0131z mahkeme karar defterinde kalan bir metin de\u011fildir. Karar; yasama organ\u0131n\u0131, y\u00fcr\u00fctmeyi, idareyi, di\u011fer mahkemeleri, ger\u00e7ek ki\u015fileri ve t\u00fczel ki\u015fileri ba\u011flayan anayasal sonu\u00e7 do\u011furur. Ancak kararlar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 da \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz bir geriye y\u00fcr\u00fctme veya hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sarsan ani etki bi\u00e7iminde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmez. \u0130ptal kararlar\u0131n\u0131n kural olarak geriye y\u00fcr\u00fcmemesi, bireysel ba\u015fvuru ve ihlal sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n giderilmesi i\u00e7in zorunlu olan sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n sakl\u0131 tutulmas\u0131yla dengelenir. B\u00f6ylece Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, kesinlik, hukuki g\u00fcvenlik, etkili uygulama ve hak ihlalinin giderilmesi<\/strong> aras\u0131nda dengeli bir anayasal \u00e7er\u00e7eveye ba\u011flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Madde 99 \u2013 Anayasa Mahkemesi Kararlar\u0131n\u0131n Kesinli\u011fi, Uygulanmas\u0131 ve \u0130zlenmesi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131 kesindir; yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme, yarg\u0131, idare, ger\u00e7ek ve t\u00fczel ki\u015filer i\u00e7in ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130ptal kararlar\u0131 gerek\u00e7esi yaz\u0131lmadan a\u00e7\u0131klanamaz; Resm\u00ee Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131mlan\u0131r ve kural olarak yay\u0131m\u0131 tarihinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girer.<\/p>\n

Mahkeme, hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, s\u00fcreklilik ve do\u011facak bo\u015flu\u011fun niteli\u011fini g\u00f6zeterek iptal karar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc erteleyebilir. Erteleme s\u00fcresi kanunla belirlenen \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 a\u015famaz.<\/p>\n

Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131 geriye y\u00fcr\u00fcmez. Bireysel ba\u015fvuru ve ihlal sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n giderilmesi i\u00e7in zorunlu olan sonu\u00e7lar sakl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme, yarg\u0131 ve idare organlar\u0131 Mahkeme kararlar\u0131n\u0131n gere\u011fini Anayasaya uygun \u015fekilde yerine getirir.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Karar\u0131n kesinli\u011fi ne anlama gelir?<\/h2>\n

Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n kesin olmas\u0131, bu kararlar\u0131n ba\u015fka bir ola\u011fan ba\u015fvuru makam\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde yeniden tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7\u0131lmamas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. Anayasa Mahkemesi, Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc koruyan y\u00fcksek mahkeme olarak nihai anayasal de\u011ferlendirmeyi yapar. Karar kesin de\u011filse, anayasal denetim de sonuca ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f say\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n

Kesinlik, yaln\u0131z usul\u00ee bir kapan\u0131\u015f de\u011fildir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda hukuk d\u00fczenine y\u00f6n veren bir istikrar ilkesidir. Yasama organ\u0131, y\u00fcr\u00fctme, idare, yarg\u0131 organlar\u0131, ger\u00e7ek ki\u015filer ve t\u00fczel ki\u015filer hangi anayasal sonucun do\u011fdu\u011funu bilmelidir. Karar\u0131n s\u00fcrekli tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 veya ask\u0131da kalmas\u0131, hukuki belirsizlik \u00fcretir.<\/p>\n

Alman Federal Anayasa Mahkemesinin kararlar\u0131n etkisine ili\u015fkin a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131<\/a>, anayasa mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n anayasal organlar, mahkemeler ve kamu makamlar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 etki do\u011furabilece\u011fini g\u00f6steren kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 bir \u00f6rnek sunar. Madde 99\u2019un kesinlik h\u00fckm\u00fc de anayasal yarg\u0131n\u0131n nihai ve etkili olmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k yaln\u0131z devleti mi kapsar?<\/h2>\n

Madde 99, Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme, yarg\u0131, idare, ger\u00e7ek ve t\u00fczel ki\u015filer i\u00e7in ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtir. Bu geni\u015f ifade \u00f6nemlidir. Karar\u0131n ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaln\u0131z kamu organlar\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir; hukuk d\u00fczeni i\u00e7inde karar\u0131n etkiledi\u011fi ger\u00e7ek ve t\u00fczel ki\u015filer de bu sonuca uymakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Yasama organ\u0131, Anayasa Mahkemesi karar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fan veya etkisizle\u015ftiren yeni bir d\u00fczenleme yapamaz. Y\u00fcr\u00fctme ve idare, karar\u0131n sonucunu de\u011fi\u015ftirecek veya geciktirecek i\u015flem kuramaz. Yarg\u0131 organlar\u0131, karar\u0131n gere\u011fini g\u00f6rmezden gelemez. Ger\u00e7ek ve t\u00fczel ki\u015filer de karar\u0131n hukuk d\u00fczeninde do\u011furdu\u011fu sonu\u00e7lara ayk\u0131r\u0131 davranamaz.<\/p>\n

Bu geni\u015f ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k, Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u00fct\u00fcn hukuk d\u00fczenine yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 dar yorumlan\u0131rsa, anayasal denetim yaln\u0131z teorik bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f bildirimi gibi kal\u0131r. Madde 99 ise karar\u0131n ger\u00e7ek sonu\u00e7 do\u011furmas\u0131n\u0131 ister.<\/p>\n

Gerek\u00e7e yaz\u0131lmadan iptal karar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir mi?<\/h2>\n

Madde 99\u2019a g\u00f6re iptal kararlar\u0131 gerek\u00e7esi yaz\u0131lmadan a\u00e7\u0131klanamaz. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, anayasa yarg\u0131s\u0131nda gerek\u00e7enin karar\u0131n ayr\u0131lmaz par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. \u0130ptal karar\u0131, hukuk d\u00fczenindeki bir normu ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r veya etkisiz h\u00e2le getirir. B\u00f6yle a\u011f\u0131r bir sonucun neden do\u011fdu\u011funun a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a yaz\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n

Gerek\u00e7e, yaln\u0131z taraflar\u0131 ikna etmek i\u00e7in de\u011fildir. Yasama organ\u0131 hangi anayasal sebeple normun iptal edildi\u011fini gerek\u00e7eden \u00f6\u011frenir. \u0130dare karar\u0131n uygulama s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 gerek\u00e7eden anlar. Yarg\u0131 organlar\u0131 benzer uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klarda nas\u0131l hareket edece\u011fini gerek\u00e7eye bakarak belirler. Vatanda\u015f ise karar\u0131n keyf\u00ee de\u011fil, hukuki de\u011ferlendirmeye dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, gerek\u00e7eli karar zorunlulu\u011fuyla birlikte d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmelidir. Gerek\u00e7esi a\u00e7\u0131klanmayan iptal karar\u0131, uygulama a\u015famas\u0131nda belirsizlik do\u011furur. Madde 99 bu belirsizli\u011fi \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in iptal karar\u0131n\u0131n gerek\u00e7esiyle birlikte a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u015fart ko\u015far.<\/p>\n

Resm\u00ee Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131mlanma neden \u00f6nemlidir?<\/h2>\n

\u0130ptal kararlar\u0131n\u0131n Resm\u00ee Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131, karar\u0131n herkes taraf\u0131ndan bilinebilir ve eri\u015filebilir olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Hukuk devletinde kararlar\u0131n gizli, da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k veya belirsiz kaynaklarda kalmas\u0131 kabul edilemez. Bir norm iptal edilmi\u015fse, bunun hangi tarihte, hangi gerek\u00e7eyle ve hangi etkiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Madde 99, iptal kararlar\u0131n\u0131n kural olarak yay\u0131m\u0131 tarihinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girece\u011fini d\u00fczenler. Bu, hukuk d\u00fczeni bak\u0131m\u0131ndan net bir zaman noktas\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Karar\u0131n etkisinin ne zaman ba\u015flayaca\u011f\u0131 bilinmezse, idare, mahkemeler, vatanda\u015flar ve t\u00fczel ki\u015filer hangi kurala g\u00f6re davranaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilemez.<\/p>\n

Venedik Komisyonunun g\u00fcncellenmi\u015f hukuk devleti kontrol listesi<\/a>, hukuki belirlilik, etkili anayasal denetim ve kararlar\u0131n uygulanabilirli\u011fi gibi ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 hukuk devleti a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctler aras\u0131nda ele al\u0131r. Resm\u00ee yay\u0131mlanma, bu hukuki belirlili\u011fin pratik arac\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130ptal karar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc neden ertelenebilir?<\/h2>\n

Madde 99, Anayasa Mahkemesinin hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, s\u00fcreklilik ve do\u011facak bo\u015flu\u011fun niteli\u011fini g\u00f6zeterek iptal karar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc erteleyebilece\u011fini d\u00fczenler. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, iptal kararlar\u0131n\u0131n baz\u0131 durumlarda ani hukuk bo\u015flu\u011fu do\u011furabilece\u011fini kabul eder.<\/p>\n

Bir kanun h\u00fckm\u00fc Anayasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olabilir. Ancak o h\u00fck\u00fcm derh\u00e2l y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kamu hizmetinde ciddi bo\u015fluk, b\u00fct\u00e7e uygulamas\u0131nda aksama, idari i\u015fleyi\u015fte belirsizlik veya hak sahipleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ge\u00e7i\u015f sorunu do\u011fabilir. Bu durumda Mahkeme, iptal karar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc belirli s\u00fcre erteleyerek yasama organ\u0131na veya ilgili makamlara Anayasaya uygun yeni d\u00fczenleme yapma imk\u00e2n\u0131 tan\u0131yabilir.<\/p>\n

Bu erteleme, Anayasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in de\u011fil, hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fini korumak i\u00e7in vard\u0131r. Erteleme s\u00fcresi kanunla belirlenen \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 a\u015famaz. B\u00f6ylece y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fck ertelemesi, s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bekletme veya iptal karar\u0131n\u0131 etkisizle\u015ftirme arac\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015femez.<\/p>\n

Hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ile Anayasaya uygunluk nas\u0131l dengelenir?<\/h2>\n

Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, bazen iki ihtiyac\u0131 ayn\u0131 anda kar\u015f\u0131lamak zorundad\u0131r. Bir yanda Anayasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 normun hukuk d\u00fczeninden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir. Di\u011fer yanda bu normun ani bi\u00e7imde kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fini ve kamu hizmeti s\u00fcreklili\u011fini sarsabilir. Madde 99, y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ertelenmesi yoluyla bu iki ihtiyac\u0131 dengeler.<\/p>\n

Bu denge \u00f6zellikle karma\u015f\u0131k d\u00fczenlemelerde \u00f6nemlidir. Vergi, b\u00fct\u00e7e, sosyal g\u00fcvenlik, idari te\u015fkilat, se\u00e7im usul\u00fc, kamu hizmeti veya yarg\u0131 te\u015fkilat\u0131yla ilgili baz\u0131 iptal kararlar\u0131, y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe derh\u00e2l girerse uygulamada ciddi bo\u015fluk do\u011furabilir. Mahkeme, b\u00f6yle durumlarda erteleme karar\u0131 vererek anayasal uygunlu\u011fa ge\u00e7i\u015fi d\u00fczenli h\u00e2le getirebilir.<\/p>\n

Ancak hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi gerek\u00e7esi, Anayasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n s\u00fcresiz devam\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmez. Erteleme \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 bu nedenle \u00f6nemlidir. Yasama ve idare, erteleme s\u00fcresini iptal karar\u0131n\u0131 oyalama d\u00f6nemi olarak de\u011fil, Anayasaya uygun d\u00fczenleme yapma s\u00fcresi olarak g\u00f6rmelidir.<\/p>\n

Kararlar\u0131n geriye y\u00fcr\u00fcmezli\u011fi neyi korur?<\/h2>\n

Madde 99, Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n geriye y\u00fcr\u00fcmeyece\u011fini belirtir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, hukuki g\u00fcvenli\u011fin temel par\u00e7alar\u0131ndan biridir. \u0130nsanlar, kurumlar ve mahkemeler y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteki kurallara g\u00f6re i\u015flem yapar. Sonradan verilen bir iptal karar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bi\u00e7imde ge\u00e7mi\u015fe uygulanmas\u0131, tamamlanm\u0131\u015f i\u015flemleri ve kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hukuki durumlar\u0131 sarsabilir.<\/p>\n

Geriye y\u00fcr\u00fcmezlik, hukuk d\u00fczeninde istikrar sa\u011flar. Bir norm iptal edildi\u011finde, bu karar kural olarak gelece\u011fe etkili olur. Aksi h\u00e2lde ge\u00e7mi\u015fte yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7ok say\u0131da i\u015flem, s\u00f6zle\u015fme, idari karar veya yarg\u0131 karar\u0131 belirsiz h\u00e2le gelebilir. Bu durum hem kamu d\u00fczenini hem bireylerin hukuki g\u00fcvenli\u011fini zedeler.<\/p>\n

Utrecht Law Review\u2019de yay\u0131mlanan geriye y\u00fcr\u00fcmezlik ilkesine ili\u015fkin akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma<\/a>, hukukun ge\u00e7mi\u015f olaylara sonradan uygulanmamas\u0131 ilkesinin hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve me\u015fru beklentiler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemini tart\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Madde 99\u2019daki geriye y\u00fcr\u00fcmezlik h\u00fckm\u00fc de Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir etkisini korur.<\/p>\n

Bireysel ba\u015fvuru ve ihlal sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 neden sakl\u0131d\u0131r?<\/h2>\n

Madde 99, Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n geriye y\u00fcr\u00fcmeyece\u011fini belirtirken, bireysel ba\u015fvuru ve ihlal sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n giderilmesi i\u00e7in zorunlu olan sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 sakl\u0131 tutar. Bu istisna \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bireysel ba\u015fvuruda ama\u00e7 yaln\u0131z gelece\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fck d\u00fczenleme yapmak de\u011fil, ba\u015fvurucunun u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hak ihlalinin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 gidermektir.<\/p>\n

Bir ki\u015finin adil yarg\u0131lanma hakk\u0131 ihlal edilmi\u015fse yeniden yarg\u0131lama gerekebilir. M\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 ihlal edilmi\u015fse tazminat veya i\u015flem tesisi g\u00fcndeme gelebilir. \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck hakk\u0131 ihlal edilmi\u015fse sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n giderilmesi daha do\u011frudan etki gerektirebilir. Bu durumlarda karar\u0131n yaln\u0131z gelece\u011fe etkili oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek, bireysel ba\u015fvuru yolunu anlams\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle Madde 99, genel geriye y\u00fcr\u00fcmezlik ilkesini korurken hak ihlalinin giderilmesi i\u00e7in zorunlu sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 sakl\u0131 tutar. B\u00f6ylece hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ile etkili hak korumas\u0131 aras\u0131nda daha ince bir denge kurulur.<\/p>\n

Kararlar\u0131n gere\u011fini yerine getirmek ne demektir?<\/h2>\n

Madde 99\u2019un son f\u0131kras\u0131, yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme, yarg\u0131 ve idare organlar\u0131n\u0131n Mahkeme kararlar\u0131n\u0131n gere\u011fini Anayasaya uygun \u015fekilde yerine getirece\u011fini d\u00fczenler. Bu ifade, kararlar\u0131n yaln\u0131z \u015feklen de\u011fil, \u00f6z\u00fcne uygun bi\u00e7imde uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir.<\/p>\n

Yasama organ\u0131, iptal karar\u0131n\u0131 etkisiz k\u0131lan benzer i\u00e7erikte yeni bir d\u00fczenleme yapamaz. Y\u00fcr\u00fctme, karar\u0131n sonucunu dolayl\u0131 i\u015flemle bertaraf edemez. \u0130dare, iptal edilen normu fiilen uygulamaya devam edemez. Yarg\u0131 organlar\u0131, Anayasa Mahkemesi karar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 sonucunu g\u00f6rmezden gelemez.<\/p>\n

Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin kesin mahkeme kararlar\u0131na uyma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fczenleyen h\u00fckm\u00fc<\/a>, taraf devletlerin kesin yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131na uyma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczeyde g\u00f6steren \u00f6nemli bir \u00f6rnektir. Madde 99 da i\u00e7 hukukta benzer bir mant\u0131kla karar\u0131n gere\u011finin yerine getirilmesini anayasal zorunluluk h\u00e2line getirir.<\/p>\n

Karar\u0131n uygulanmamas\u0131 hangi riski do\u011furur?<\/h2>\n

Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmamas\u0131, yaln\u0131z tek bir mahkeme karar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k anlam\u0131na gelmez. Bu durum, Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve hukuk devletini do\u011frudan zedeler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Anayasa Mahkemesi karar\u0131 uygulanm\u0131yorsa, anayasal denetim fiilen etkisizle\u015fir.<\/p>\n

Karar\u0131n uygulanmamas\u0131 farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir. A\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a karar tan\u0131nmayabilir. Uygulama geciktirilebilir. Benzer i\u00e7erikte yeni d\u00fczenleme yap\u0131labilir. \u0130dare fiilen eski uygulamay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilir. Yarg\u0131 organlar\u0131 karar\u0131 dikkate almadan karar vermeye devam edebilir. Madde 99\u2019un ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k ve uygulama h\u00fck\u00fcmleri bu ihtimalleri \u00f6nlemeyi ama\u00e7lar.<\/p>\n

Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn kamu organlar\u0131n\u0131n anayasal sadakatini test eden bir aland\u0131r. Karara kat\u0131lmamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr; fakat karar\u0131n gere\u011fini yerine getirmemek hukuk devletiyle ba\u011fda\u015fmaz.<\/p>\n

Madde 99\u2019un karar etkisi haritas\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Alan<\/th>\nMadde 99\u2019daki Anlam\u0131<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Kesinlik<\/td>\nAnayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131 nihai anayasal sonu\u00e7 do\u011furur.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k<\/td>\nYasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme, yarg\u0131, idare, ger\u00e7ek ve t\u00fczel ki\u015filer karara uymak zorundad\u0131r.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gerek\u00e7e<\/td>\n\u0130ptal kararlar\u0131 gerek\u00e7esi yaz\u0131lmadan a\u00e7\u0131klanamaz.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Yay\u0131mlanma<\/td>\n\u0130ptal kararlar\u0131 Resm\u00ee Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131mlan\u0131r.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fck<\/td>\nKural olarak yay\u0131m tarihinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girer.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Erteleme<\/td>\nHukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve do\u011facak bo\u015fluk g\u00f6zetilerek \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r i\u00e7inde ertelenebilir.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Geriye y\u00fcr\u00fcmezlik<\/td>\nKararlar kural olarak ge\u00e7mi\u015fe etkili olmaz; ihlal sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n giderilmesi sakl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Uygulama<\/td>\nKamu organlar\u0131 kararlar\u0131n gere\u011fini Anayasaya uygun bi\u00e7imde yerine getirir.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Bu tablo, Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sisteminin yaln\u0131z karar\u0131n kesinle\u015fmesiyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; gerek\u00e7e, yay\u0131mlanma, y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fck, erteleme, geriye y\u00fcr\u00fcmezlik ve uygulama a\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131 birlikte kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7: Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 anayasal denetimin ger\u00e7ek sonucudur<\/h2>\n

Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde anayasal yarg\u0131n\u0131n etkili olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan temel h\u00fck\u00fcmlerden biridir. Madde 99, Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n kesin oldu\u011funu ve yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme, yarg\u0131, idare, ger\u00e7ek ve t\u00fczel ki\u015filer i\u00e7in ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 sonu\u00e7 do\u011furdu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a d\u00fczenler. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yaln\u0131z teorik bir ilke olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r ve b\u00fct\u00fcn hukuk d\u00fczeni i\u00e7in uygulanabilir bir sonu\u00e7 h\u00e2line getirir.<\/p>\n

Bu maddenin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc taraf\u0131, iptal kararlar\u0131n\u0131n gerek\u00e7esi yaz\u0131lmadan a\u00e7\u0131klanamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Resm\u00ee Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131mlanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmesidir. Kararlar\u0131n kural olarak yay\u0131m tarihinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesi, hukuki belirlilik sa\u011flar. Mahkeme, hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, s\u00fcreklilik ve do\u011facak bo\u015flu\u011fun niteli\u011fini g\u00f6zeterek iptal karar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc erteleyebilir; fakat bu erteleme kanunla belirlenen \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 a\u015famaz. B\u00f6ylece Anayasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n giderilmesi ile hukuk d\u00fczeninin istikrar\u0131 birlikte korunur.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak Madde 99, Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131z verilmesini de\u011fil, uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 da anayasal y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck h\u00e2line getirir. Kararlar kural olarak geriye y\u00fcr\u00fcmez; ancak bireysel ba\u015fvuru ve ihlal sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n giderilmesi i\u00e7in zorunlu sonu\u00e7lar sakl\u0131d\u0131r. Yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme, yarg\u0131 ve idare organlar\u0131 Mahkeme kararlar\u0131n\u0131n gere\u011fini Anayasaya uygun \u015fekilde yerine getirir. Bu nedenle Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu anayasa modelinde Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, hukuki g\u00fcvenlik, gerek\u00e7eli karar, yay\u0131mlanma, etkili uygulama ve temel hak ihlallerinin giderilmesi<\/strong> aras\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f nihai anayasal sonu\u00e7 g\u00fcvencesidir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, anayasal denetimin yaln\u0131z karar vermekle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmamas\u0131n\u0131, verilen karar\u0131n hukuk d\u00fczeni i\u00e7inde fiilen sonu\u00e7 do\u011furmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan temel g\u00fcvencedir. Bir anayasa mahkemesi kanunu, i\u015flemi veya uygulamay\u0131 Anayasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 bulabilir; fakat bu karar yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme, yarg\u0131, idare, ger\u00e7ek ve t\u00fczel ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan uygulanmazsa anayasal yarg\u0131 etkisizle\u015fir. Bu nedenle Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn pratik hayattaki kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Karar\u0131n kesin olmas\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn organlar\u0131 ba\u011flamas\u0131, gerek\u00e7eli bi\u00e7imde yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131 ve gere\u011finin Anayasaya uygun \u015fekilde yerine getirilmesi, hukuk devletinin en kritik a\u015famalar\u0131ndan biridir. Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde Madde 99, Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n hukuk d\u00fczenindeki etkisini a\u00e7\u0131k ve sade bir sistemle d\u00fczenler. Kararlar kesindir; yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme, yarg\u0131, idare, ger\u00e7ek ve t\u00fczel ki\u015filer i\u00e7in ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130ptal kararlar\u0131 gerek\u00e7esi yaz\u0131lmadan a\u00e7\u0131klanamaz; Resm\u00ee Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131mlan\u0131r ve kural olarak yay\u0131m\u0131 tarihinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girer. Mahkeme, hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, s\u00fcreklilik ve do\u011facak bo\u015flu\u011fun niteli\u011fini g\u00f6zeterek iptal karar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc erteleyebilir. Bu sistem, hem Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc hem de hukuk d\u00fczeninde ani bo\u015fluk do\u011fmamas\u0131n\u0131 birlikte korur. Madde 99\u2019un temel yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 \u015fudur: Anayasa Mahkemesi karar\u0131 yaln\u0131z mahkeme karar defterinde kalan bir metin de\u011fildir. Karar; yasama organ\u0131n\u0131, y\u00fcr\u00fctmeyi, idareyi, di\u011fer mahkemeleri, ger\u00e7ek ki\u015fileri ve t\u00fczel ki\u015fileri ba\u011flayan anayasal sonu\u00e7 do\u011furur. Ancak kararlar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 da \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz bir geriye y\u00fcr\u00fctme veya hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sarsan ani etki bi\u00e7iminde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmez. \u0130ptal kararlar\u0131n\u0131n kural olarak geriye y\u00fcr\u00fcmemesi, bireysel ba\u015fvuru ve ihlal sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n giderilmesi i\u00e7in zorunlu olan sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n sakl\u0131 tutulmas\u0131yla dengelenir. B\u00f6ylece Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, kesinlik, hukuki g\u00fcvenlik, etkili uygulama ve hak ihlalinin giderilmesi aras\u0131nda dengeli bir anayasal \u00e7er\u00e7eveye ba\u011flan\u0131r. Madde 99 \u2013 Anayasa Mahkemesi Kararlar\u0131n\u0131n Kesinli\u011fi, Uygulanmas\u0131 ve \u0130zlenmesi Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131 kesindir; yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme, yarg\u0131, idare, ger\u00e7ek ve t\u00fczel ki\u015filer i\u00e7in ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130ptal kararlar\u0131 gerek\u00e7esi yaz\u0131lmadan a\u00e7\u0131klanamaz; Resm\u00ee Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131mlan\u0131r ve kural olarak yay\u0131m\u0131 tarihinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girer. Mahkeme, hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, s\u00fcreklilik ve do\u011facak bo\u015flu\u011fun niteli\u011fini g\u00f6zeterek iptal karar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc erteleyebilir. Erteleme s\u00fcresi kanunla belirlenen \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 a\u015famaz. Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131 geriye y\u00fcr\u00fcmez. Bireysel ba\u015fvuru ve ihlal sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n giderilmesi i\u00e7in zorunlu olan sonu\u00e7lar sakl\u0131d\u0131r. Yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme, yarg\u0131 ve idare organlar\u0131 Mahkeme kararlar\u0131n\u0131n gere\u011fini Anayasaya uygun \u015fekilde yerine getirir. Karar\u0131n kesinli\u011fi ne anlama gelir? Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n kesin olmas\u0131, bu kararlar\u0131n ba\u015fka bir ola\u011fan ba\u015fvuru makam\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde yeniden tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7\u0131lmamas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. Anayasa Mahkemesi, Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc koruyan y\u00fcksek mahkeme olarak nihai anayasal de\u011ferlendirmeyi yapar. Karar kesin de\u011filse, anayasal denetim de sonuca ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f say\u0131lmaz. Kesinlik, yaln\u0131z usul\u00ee bir kapan\u0131\u015f de\u011fildir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda hukuk d\u00fczenine y\u00f6n veren bir istikrar ilkesidir. Yasama organ\u0131, y\u00fcr\u00fctme, idare, yarg\u0131 organlar\u0131, ger\u00e7ek ki\u015filer ve t\u00fczel ki\u015filer hangi anayasal sonucun do\u011fdu\u011funu bilmelidir. Karar\u0131n s\u00fcrekli tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 veya ask\u0131da kalmas\u0131, hukuki belirsizlik \u00fcretir. Alman Federal Anayasa Mahkemesinin kararlar\u0131n etkisine ili\u015fkin a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131, anayasa mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n anayasal organlar, mahkemeler ve kamu makamlar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 etki do\u011furabilece\u011fini g\u00f6steren kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 bir \u00f6rnek sunar. Madde 99\u2019un kesinlik h\u00fckm\u00fc de anayasal yarg\u0131n\u0131n nihai ve etkili olmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131r. Ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k yaln\u0131z devleti mi kapsar? Madde 99, Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme, yarg\u0131, idare, ger\u00e7ek ve t\u00fczel ki\u015filer i\u00e7in ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtir. Bu geni\u015f ifade \u00f6nemlidir. Karar\u0131n ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaln\u0131z kamu organlar\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir; hukuk d\u00fczeni i\u00e7inde karar\u0131n etkiledi\u011fi ger\u00e7ek ve t\u00fczel ki\u015filer de bu sonuca uymakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr. Yasama organ\u0131, Anayasa Mahkemesi karar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fan veya etkisizle\u015ftiren yeni bir d\u00fczenleme yapamaz. Y\u00fcr\u00fctme ve idare, karar\u0131n sonucunu de\u011fi\u015ftirecek veya geciktirecek i\u015flem kuramaz. Yarg\u0131 organlar\u0131, karar\u0131n gere\u011fini g\u00f6rmezden gelemez. Ger\u00e7ek ve t\u00fczel ki\u015filer de karar\u0131n hukuk d\u00fczeninde do\u011furdu\u011fu sonu\u00e7lara ayk\u0131r\u0131 davranamaz. Bu geni\u015f ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k, Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u00fct\u00fcn hukuk d\u00fczenine yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 dar yorumlan\u0131rsa, anayasal denetim yaln\u0131z teorik bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f bildirimi gibi kal\u0131r. Madde 99 ise karar\u0131n ger\u00e7ek sonu\u00e7 do\u011furmas\u0131n\u0131 ister. Gerek\u00e7e yaz\u0131lmadan iptal karar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir mi? Madde 99\u2019a g\u00f6re iptal kararlar\u0131 gerek\u00e7esi yaz\u0131lmadan a\u00e7\u0131klanamaz. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, anayasa yarg\u0131s\u0131nda gerek\u00e7enin karar\u0131n ayr\u0131lmaz par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. \u0130ptal karar\u0131, hukuk d\u00fczenindeki bir normu ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r veya etkisiz h\u00e2le getirir. B\u00f6yle a\u011f\u0131r bir sonucun neden do\u011fdu\u011funun a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a yaz\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir. Gerek\u00e7e, yaln\u0131z taraflar\u0131 ikna etmek i\u00e7in de\u011fildir. Yasama organ\u0131 hangi anayasal sebeple normun iptal edildi\u011fini gerek\u00e7eden \u00f6\u011frenir. \u0130dare karar\u0131n uygulama s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 gerek\u00e7eden anlar. Yarg\u0131 organlar\u0131 benzer uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klarda nas\u0131l hareket edece\u011fini gerek\u00e7eye bakarak belirler. Vatanda\u015f ise karar\u0131n keyf\u00ee de\u011fil, hukuki de\u011ferlendirmeye dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Bu nedenle Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, gerek\u00e7eli karar zorunlulu\u011fuyla birlikte d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmelidir. Gerek\u00e7esi a\u00e7\u0131klanmayan iptal karar\u0131, uygulama a\u015famas\u0131nda belirsizlik do\u011furur. Madde 99 bu belirsizli\u011fi \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in iptal karar\u0131n\u0131n gerek\u00e7esiyle birlikte a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u015fart ko\u015far. Resm\u00ee Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131mlanma neden \u00f6nemlidir? \u0130ptal kararlar\u0131n\u0131n Resm\u00ee Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131, karar\u0131n herkes taraf\u0131ndan bilinebilir ve eri\u015filebilir olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Hukuk devletinde kararlar\u0131n gizli, da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k veya belirsiz kaynaklarda kalmas\u0131 kabul edilemez. Bir norm iptal edilmi\u015fse, bunun hangi tarihte, hangi gerek\u00e7eyle ve hangi etkiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Madde 99, iptal kararlar\u0131n\u0131n kural olarak yay\u0131m\u0131 tarihinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girece\u011fini d\u00fczenler. Bu, hukuk d\u00fczeni bak\u0131m\u0131ndan net bir zaman noktas\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Karar\u0131n etkisinin ne zaman ba\u015flayaca\u011f\u0131 bilinmezse, idare, mahkemeler, vatanda\u015flar ve t\u00fczel ki\u015filer hangi kurala g\u00f6re davranaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilemez. Venedik Komisyonunun g\u00fcncellenmi\u015f hukuk devleti kontrol listesi, hukuki belirlilik, etkili anayasal denetim ve kararlar\u0131n uygulanabilirli\u011fi gibi ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 hukuk devleti a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctler aras\u0131nda ele al\u0131r. Resm\u00ee yay\u0131mlanma, bu hukuki belirlili\u011fin pratik arac\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130ptal karar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc neden ertelenebilir? Madde 99, Anayasa Mahkemesinin hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, s\u00fcreklilik ve do\u011facak bo\u015flu\u011fun niteli\u011fini g\u00f6zeterek iptal karar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc erteleyebilece\u011fini d\u00fczenler. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, iptal kararlar\u0131n\u0131n baz\u0131 durumlarda ani hukuk bo\u015flu\u011fu do\u011furabilece\u011fini kabul eder. Bir kanun h\u00fckm\u00fc Anayasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olabilir. Ancak o h\u00fck\u00fcm derh\u00e2l y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kamu hizmetinde ciddi bo\u015fluk, b\u00fct\u00e7e uygulamas\u0131nda aksama, idari i\u015fleyi\u015fte belirsizlik veya hak sahipleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ge\u00e7i\u015f sorunu do\u011fabilir. Bu durumda Mahkeme, iptal karar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc belirli s\u00fcre erteleyerek yasama organ\u0131na veya ilgili makamlara Anayasaya uygun yeni d\u00fczenleme yapma imk\u00e2n\u0131 tan\u0131yabilir. Bu erteleme, Anayasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in de\u011fil, hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fini korumak i\u00e7in vard\u0131r. Erteleme s\u00fcresi kanunla belirlenen \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 a\u015famaz. B\u00f6ylece y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fck ertelemesi, s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bekletme veya iptal karar\u0131n\u0131 etkisizle\u015ftirme arac\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015femez. Hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ile Anayasaya uygunluk nas\u0131l dengelenir? Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, bazen iki ihtiyac\u0131 ayn\u0131 anda kar\u015f\u0131lamak zorundad\u0131r. Bir yanda Anayasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 normun hukuk d\u00fczeninden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir. Di\u011fer yanda bu normun ani bi\u00e7imde kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fini ve kamu hizmeti s\u00fcreklili\u011fini sarsabilir. Madde 99, y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ertelenmesi yoluyla bu iki ihtiyac\u0131 dengeler. Bu denge \u00f6zellikle karma\u015f\u0131k d\u00fczenlemelerde \u00f6nemlidir. Vergi, b\u00fct\u00e7e, sosyal g\u00fcvenlik, idari te\u015fkilat, se\u00e7im usul\u00fc, kamu hizmeti veya yarg\u0131 te\u015fkilat\u0131yla ilgili baz\u0131 iptal kararlar\u0131, y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe derh\u00e2l girerse uygulamada ciddi bo\u015fluk do\u011furabilir. Mahkeme, b\u00f6yle durumlarda erteleme karar\u0131 vererek anayasal uygunlu\u011fa ge\u00e7i\u015fi d\u00fczenli h\u00e2le getirebilir. Ancak hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi gerek\u00e7esi, Anayasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n s\u00fcresiz devam\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmez. Erteleme \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 bu nedenle \u00f6nemlidir. Yasama ve idare, erteleme s\u00fcresini iptal karar\u0131n\u0131 oyalama d\u00f6nemi olarak de\u011fil, Anayasaya uygun d\u00fczenleme yapma s\u00fcresi olarak g\u00f6rmelidir. Kararlar\u0131n geriye y\u00fcr\u00fcmezli\u011fi neyi korur? Madde 99, Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n geriye y\u00fcr\u00fcmeyece\u011fini belirtir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, hukuki g\u00fcvenli\u011fin temel par\u00e7alar\u0131ndan biridir. \u0130nsanlar, kurumlar ve mahkemeler y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteki kurallara g\u00f6re i\u015flem yapar. Sonradan verilen bir iptal karar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bi\u00e7imde ge\u00e7mi\u015fe uygulanmas\u0131, tamamlanm\u0131\u015f i\u015flemleri ve kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hukuki durumlar\u0131 sarsabilir. Geriye y\u00fcr\u00fcmezlik, hukuk d\u00fczeninde istikrar sa\u011flar. Bir norm iptal edildi\u011finde, bu karar kural olarak gelece\u011fe etkili olur. Aksi h\u00e2lde ge\u00e7mi\u015fte yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7ok say\u0131da i\u015flem, s\u00f6zle\u015fme, idari karar veya yarg\u0131 karar\u0131 belirsiz h\u00e2le gelebilir. Bu durum hem kamu d\u00fczenini hem bireylerin hukuki g\u00fcvenli\u011fini zedeler. Utrecht Law Review\u2019de yay\u0131mlanan geriye y\u00fcr\u00fcmezlik ilkesine ili\u015fkin akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, hukukun ge\u00e7mi\u015f olaylara sonradan uygulanmamas\u0131 ilkesinin hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve me\u015fru beklentiler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemini tart\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Madde 99\u2019daki geriye y\u00fcr\u00fcmezlik h\u00fckm\u00fc de Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir etkisini korur. Bireysel ba\u015fvuru ve ihlal sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 neden sakl\u0131d\u0131r? Madde 99, Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n geriye y\u00fcr\u00fcmeyece\u011fini belirtirken, bireysel ba\u015fvuru ve ihlal sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n giderilmesi i\u00e7in zorunlu olan sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 sakl\u0131 tutar. Bu istisna \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bireysel ba\u015fvuruda ama\u00e7 yaln\u0131z gelece\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fck d\u00fczenleme yapmak de\u011fil, ba\u015fvurucunun u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hak ihlalinin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 gidermektir. Bir ki\u015finin adil yarg\u0131lanma hakk\u0131 ihlal edilmi\u015fse yeniden yarg\u0131lama gerekebilir. M\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 ihlal edilmi\u015fse tazminat veya i\u015flem tesisi g\u00fcndeme gelebilir. \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck hakk\u0131 ihlal edilmi\u015fse sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n giderilmesi daha do\u011frudan etki gerektirebilir. Bu durumlarda karar\u0131n yaln\u0131z gelece\u011fe etkili oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek, bireysel ba\u015fvuru yolunu anlams\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Bu nedenle Madde 99, genel geriye y\u00fcr\u00fcmezlik ilkesini korurken hak ihlalinin giderilmesi i\u00e7in zorunlu sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 sakl\u0131 tutar. B\u00f6ylece hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ile etkili hak korumas\u0131 aras\u0131nda daha ince bir denge kurulur. Kararlar\u0131n gere\u011fini yerine getirmek ne demektir? Madde 99\u2019un son f\u0131kras\u0131, yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme, yarg\u0131 ve idare organlar\u0131n\u0131n Mahkeme kararlar\u0131n\u0131n gere\u011fini Anayasaya uygun \u015fekilde yerine getirece\u011fini d\u00fczenler. Bu ifade, kararlar\u0131n yaln\u0131z \u015feklen de\u011fil, \u00f6z\u00fcne uygun bi\u00e7imde uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir. Yasama organ\u0131, iptal karar\u0131n\u0131 etkisiz k\u0131lan benzer i\u00e7erikte yeni bir d\u00fczenleme yapamaz. Y\u00fcr\u00fctme, karar\u0131n sonucunu dolayl\u0131 i\u015flemle bertaraf edemez. \u0130dare, iptal edilen normu fiilen uygulamaya devam edemez. Yarg\u0131 organlar\u0131, Anayasa Mahkemesi karar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 sonucunu g\u00f6rmezden gelemez. Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin kesin mahkeme kararlar\u0131na uyma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fczenleyen h\u00fckm\u00fc, taraf devletlerin kesin yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131na uyma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczeyde g\u00f6steren \u00f6nemli bir \u00f6rnektir. Madde 99 da i\u00e7 hukukta benzer bir mant\u0131kla karar\u0131n gere\u011finin yerine getirilmesini anayasal zorunluluk h\u00e2line getirir. Karar\u0131n uygulanmamas\u0131 hangi riski do\u011furur? Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmamas\u0131, yaln\u0131z tek bir mahkeme karar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k anlam\u0131na gelmez. Bu durum, Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve hukuk devletini do\u011frudan zedeler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Anayasa Mahkemesi karar\u0131 uygulanm\u0131yorsa, anayasal denetim fiilen etkisizle\u015fir. Karar\u0131n uygulanmamas\u0131 farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir. A\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a karar tan\u0131nmayabilir. Uygulama geciktirilebilir. Benzer i\u00e7erikte yeni d\u00fczenleme yap\u0131labilir. \u0130dare fiilen eski uygulamay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilir. Yarg\u0131 organlar\u0131 karar\u0131 dikkate almadan karar vermeye devam edebilir. Madde 99\u2019un ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k ve uygulama h\u00fck\u00fcmleri bu ihtimalleri \u00f6nlemeyi ama\u00e7lar. Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn kamu organlar\u0131n\u0131n anayasal sadakatini test eden bir aland\u0131r. Karara kat\u0131lmamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr; fakat karar\u0131n gere\u011fini yerine getirmemek hukuk devletiyle ba\u011fda\u015fmaz. Madde 99\u2019un karar etkisi haritas\u0131 Alan Madde 99\u2019daki Anlam\u0131 Kesinlik Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131 nihai anayasal sonu\u00e7 do\u011furur. Ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k Yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme, yarg\u0131, idare, ger\u00e7ek ve t\u00fczel ki\u015filer karara uymak zorundad\u0131r. Gerek\u00e7e \u0130ptal kararlar\u0131 gerek\u00e7esi yaz\u0131lmadan a\u00e7\u0131klanamaz. Yay\u0131mlanma \u0130ptal kararlar\u0131 Resm\u00ee Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131mlan\u0131r. Y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fck Kural olarak yay\u0131m tarihinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girer. Erteleme Hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve do\u011facak bo\u015fluk g\u00f6zetilerek \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r i\u00e7inde ertelenebilir. Geriye y\u00fcr\u00fcmezlik Kararlar kural olarak ge\u00e7mi\u015fe etkili olmaz; ihlal sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n giderilmesi sakl\u0131d\u0131r. Uygulama Kamu organlar\u0131 kararlar\u0131n gere\u011fini Anayasaya uygun bi\u00e7imde yerine getirir. Bu tablo, Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sisteminin yaln\u0131z karar\u0131n kesinle\u015fmesiyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; gerek\u00e7e, yay\u0131mlanma, y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fck, erteleme, geriye y\u00fcr\u00fcmezlik ve uygulama a\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131 birlikte kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Sonu\u00e7: Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 anayasal denetimin ger\u00e7ek sonucudur Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde anayasal yarg\u0131n\u0131n etkili olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan temel h\u00fck\u00fcmlerden biridir. Madde 99, Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n kesin oldu\u011funu ve yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme, yarg\u0131, idare, ger\u00e7ek ve t\u00fczel ki\u015filer i\u00e7in ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 sonu\u00e7 do\u011furdu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a d\u00fczenler. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yaln\u0131z teorik bir ilke olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r ve b\u00fct\u00fcn hukuk d\u00fczeni i\u00e7in uygulanabilir bir sonu\u00e7 h\u00e2line getirir. Bu maddenin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc taraf\u0131, iptal kararlar\u0131n\u0131n gerek\u00e7esi yaz\u0131lmadan a\u00e7\u0131klanamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Resm\u00ee Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131mlanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmesidir. Kararlar\u0131n kural olarak yay\u0131m tarihinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesi, hukuki belirlilik sa\u011flar. Mahkeme, hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, s\u00fcreklilik ve do\u011facak bo\u015flu\u011fun niteli\u011fini g\u00f6zeterek iptal karar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc erteleyebilir; fakat bu erteleme kanunla belirlenen \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 a\u015famaz. B\u00f6ylece Anayasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n giderilmesi ile hukuk d\u00fczeninin istikrar\u0131 birlikte korunur. Sonu\u00e7 olarak Madde 99, Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131z verilmesini de\u011fil, uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 da anayasal y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck h\u00e2line getirir. Kararlar kural olarak geriye y\u00fcr\u00fcmez; ancak bireysel ba\u015fvuru ve ihlal sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n giderilmesi i\u00e7in zorunlu sonu\u00e7lar sakl\u0131d\u0131r. Yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme, yarg\u0131 ve idare organlar\u0131 Mahkeme kararlar\u0131n\u0131n gere\u011fini Anayasaya uygun \u015fekilde yerine getirir. Bu nedenle Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu anayasa modelinde Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, hukuki g\u00fcvenlik, gerek\u00e7eli karar, yay\u0131mlanma, etkili uygulama ve temel hak ihlallerinin giderilmesi aras\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f nihai anayasal sonu\u00e7 g\u00fcvencesidir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":369,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-368","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-yargi-ve-anayasal-denetim"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/368","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=368"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/368\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":370,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/368\/revisions\/370"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/369"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=368"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=368"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=368"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}