{"id":365,"date":"2026-06-19T10:11:10","date_gmt":"2026-06-19T10:11:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/?p=365"},"modified":"2026-06-19T10:11:10","modified_gmt":"2026-06-19T10:11:10","slug":"siyasi-partilerin-anayasal-denetimi-madde-98","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/siyasi-partilerin-anayasal-denetimi-madde-98\/","title":{"rendered":"Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131\u2019nda Siyasi Partilerin Anayasal Denetimi (Madde 98)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Siyasi partilerin anayasal denetimi<\/strong>, \u00e7o\u011fulcu demokratik hayat\u0131n serbest\u00e7e i\u015flemesini sa\u011flarken, kamu g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn parti \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na ba\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131, \u015fiddetin me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n zedelenmesini ve anayasal d\u00fczenin cebir veya tehditle ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyen hassas bir anayasal g\u00fcvence alan\u0131d\u0131r. Siyasi partiler demokratik toplumun vazge\u00e7ilmez \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme bi\u00e7imlerinden biridir. Kamu politikas\u0131 \u00f6nerir, toplumsal talepleri temsil eder, yasama faaliyetinde rol oynar, kamuoyu olu\u015fturur ve iktidar\u0131 ele\u015ftirir. Fakat siyasi parti \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, devletin tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rma, kamu kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 parti hiyerar\u015fisine ba\u011flama veya \u015fiddet yoluyla anayasal d\u00fczeni y\u0131kma serbestli\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelmez.<\/p>\n

Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131<\/a> i\u00e7inde Madde 98, siyasi partilerin anayasal denetimi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan iki y\u00f6nl\u00fc bir sistem kurar. Bir yandan siyasi partilerin yasama, temsil, kamu politikas\u0131 \u00f6nerme, kamuoyu olu\u015fturma, \u00e7o\u011fulcu rekabet, ele\u015ftiri, milletvekilli\u011fi ve yerel karar organlar\u0131 alan\u0131nda serbest\u00e7e faaliyet g\u00f6sterece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a kabul eder. Di\u011fer yandan \u015fiddeti, ter\u00f6r\u00fc, ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya anayasal d\u00fczeni cebir ve tehditle de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyi te\u015fvik eden; kamu g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc parti \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na ba\u011flayan; kamu kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 parti hiyerar\u015fisine tabi k\u0131lan faaliyetleri anayasal s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Madde 98\u2019in en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc taraf\u0131, kapatmay\u0131 kolay bir yapt\u0131r\u0131m olarak de\u011fil, son \u00e7are olarak d\u00fczenlemesidir. Bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l faaliyet, y\u00fcr\u00fctme sistemi hakk\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f a\u00e7\u0131klama, kamu politikas\u0131 \u00f6nerme, siyasi ele\u015ftiri ve anayasal de\u011fi\u015fiklik teklifleri; \u015fiddet, cebir veya anayasal d\u00fczeni ortadan kald\u0131rma amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131k\u00e7a yapt\u0131r\u0131m sebebi olamaz. Kapatma ise ancak odak h\u00e2li demokratik anayasal d\u00fczeni cebir, \u015fiddet veya ter\u00f6r yoluyla ortadan kald\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan s\u00fcreklilik, yo\u011funluk ve kurumsal benimseme d\u00fczeyine ula\u015f\u0131rsa uygulan\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece siyasi partilerin anayasal denetimi, \u00f6zg\u00fcr siyasal rekabet ile anayasal d\u00fczenin korunmas\u0131<\/strong> aras\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc bir denge kurar.<\/p>\n

Madde 98 \u2013 Anayasa Mahkemesinin Siyasi Partileri Anayasal A\u00e7\u0131dan Denetimi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Anayasa Mahkemesi Genel Kurulu, partilerin Anayasaya, demokratik hukuk devletine, mill\u00ee egemenli\u011fe, Devletin b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ve siyasi faaliyetin anayasal s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na uygunlu\u011funu denetler. Yetki devredilemez.<\/p>\n

Siyasi partiler; yasama, temsil, kamu politikas\u0131 \u00f6nerme, kamuoyu olu\u015fturma, \u00e7o\u011fulcu rekabet, ele\u015ftiri, milletvekilli\u011fi ve yerel karar organlar\u0131 alan\u0131nda serbest\u00e7e faaliyet g\u00f6sterir. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131, Ba\u015fbakan, belediye ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve muhtarl\u0131k adayl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n parti kurumsal adayl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kapal\u0131 olmas\u0131 bu i\u015flevleri zay\u0131flatmaz.<\/p>\n

Siyasi partiler \u015fiddeti, ter\u00f6r\u00fc, ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya anayasal d\u00fczeni cebir ve tehditle de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyi te\u015fvik edemez. Kamu g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc parti \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na ba\u011flayamaz; kamu kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 parti hiyerar\u015fisine tabi k\u0131lamaz. Yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, kamu hizmetinde liyakati ve devletin tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 zedeleyemez.<\/p>\n

Bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l faaliyet, y\u00fcr\u00fctme sistemi hakk\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f a\u00e7\u0131klama, kamu politikas\u0131 \u00f6nerme, siyasi ele\u015ftiri ve anayasal de\u011fi\u015fiklik teklifleri; \u015fiddet, cebir veya anayasal d\u00fczeni ortadan kald\u0131rma amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131k\u00e7a yapt\u0131r\u0131m sebebi olamaz.<\/p>\n

Yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Kapatma son \u00e7aredir ve ancak odak h\u00e2li demokratik anayasal d\u00fczeni cebir, \u015fiddet veya ter\u00f6r yoluyla ortadan kald\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan s\u00fcreklilik, yo\u011funluk ve kurumsal benimseme d\u00fczeyine ula\u015f\u0131rsa uygulan\u0131r. Yarg\u0131lama adil, aleni ve gerek\u00e7eli y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Parti \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olmadan \u00e7o\u011fulcu rekabet olmaz<\/h2>\n

Siyasi partilerin anayasal denetimi, parti \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ortadan kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in de\u011fil, bu \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc anayasal s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7inde korumak i\u00e7in vard\u0131r. Bir \u00fclkede siyasi partiler kamu politikas\u0131 \u00f6neremiyor, iktidar\u0131 ele\u015ftiremiyor, yasama alan\u0131nda rekabet edemiyor veya farkl\u0131 toplum kesimlerinin taleplerini temsil edemiyorsa, \u00e7o\u011fulcu demokratik hayat zay\u0131flar.<\/p>\n

Madde 98 bu nedenle siyasi partilerin faaliyet alan\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nce serbestlik \u00fczerinden tan\u0131mlar. Partiler yasama, temsil, kamu politikas\u0131 \u00f6nerme, kamuoyu olu\u015fturma, \u00e7o\u011fulcu rekabet, ele\u015ftiri, milletvekilli\u011fi ve yerel karar organlar\u0131 alan\u0131nda serbest\u00e7e faaliyet g\u00f6sterir. Bu ifade, parti hayat\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131z se\u00e7imlere kat\u0131lmaktan ibaret olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Parti; fikir \u00fcretir, ele\u015ftirir, temsil eder, \u00f6rg\u00fctlenir, kamuoyunu ikna etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve yasama alan\u0131nda alternatif sunar.<\/p>\n

OSCE\/ODIHR ve Venedik Komisyonu\u2019nun siyasi parti d\u00fczenlemesine ili\u015fkin g\u00fcncel rehberi<\/a>, siyasi partilerin kurulmas\u0131, geli\u015fmesi ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n insan haklar\u0131 standartlar\u0131yla uyumlu bi\u00e7imde d\u00fczenlenmesi i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Madde 98\u2019in ilk dengesi de budur: Parti faaliyetleri serbest olmal\u0131, fakat bu serbestlik anayasal d\u00fczenin temel s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmelidir.<\/p>\n

Parti kurumsal adayl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kapal\u0131 makamlar ne anlama gelir?<\/h2>\n

Madde 98, Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131, Ba\u015fbakan, belediye ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve muhtarl\u0131k adayl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n parti kurumsal adayl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kapal\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131n siyasi partilerin temel i\u015flevlerini zay\u0131flatmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n genel sistemati\u011fiyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Bu modelde baz\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctme makamlar\u0131 bireysel adayl\u0131\u011fa dayan\u0131r; parti organ\u0131 karar\u0131yla aday belirleme mekanizmas\u0131na kapal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ancak bu durum siyasi partilerin tamamen etkisizle\u015fti\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelmez. Partiler yine yasama alan\u0131nda faaliyet g\u00f6sterir, kamu politikas\u0131 \u00f6nerir, milletvekilli\u011fi ve yerel karar organlar\u0131 alan\u0131nda temsil \u00fcretir, kamuoyu olu\u015fturur ve ele\u015ftiri yapar. Yani partilerin demokratik i\u015flevi s\u00fcrer; fakat belirli y\u00fcr\u00fctme makamlar\u0131 parti kurumsal adayl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kapal\u0131 tutularak y\u00fcr\u00fctme makamlar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frudan ki\u015fisel liyakat, sorumluluk ve se\u00e7men de\u011ferlendirmesiyle \u015fekillenmesi ama\u00e7lan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu ayr\u0131m, siyasi partilerin anayasal denetimi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Partiler serbest faaliyet alan\u0131na sahiptir; ancak b\u00fct\u00fcn kamu makamlar\u0131n\u0131 kurumsal parti hiyerar\u015fisine ba\u011flama hakk\u0131na sahip de\u011fildir. B\u00f6ylece temsil ve kamu politikas\u0131 \u00fcretimi korunurken, baz\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctme makamlar\u0131nda parti kurumsal belirleme g\u00fcc\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u015eiddet, ter\u00f6r ve cebir \u00e7izgisi<\/h2>\n

Madde 98\u2019in temel yasak alan\u0131 \u015fiddet, ter\u00f6r, ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k, d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k ve anayasal d\u00fczeni cebir veya tehditle de\u011fi\u015ftirme te\u015fvikidir. Demokratik d\u00fczende bir siyasi parti \u00e7ok sert ele\u015ftiri yapabilir, mevcut sistemi de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyi \u00f6nerebilir, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi savunabilir veya y\u00fcr\u00fctme modeline kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kabilir. Bunlar bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l ve demokratik faaliyet alan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Fakat parti, \u015fiddeti me\u015fru y\u00f6ntem olarak sunarsa, ter\u00f6r\u00fc te\u015fvik ederse, toplumsal kesimler aras\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlerse veya anayasal d\u00fczeni cebir ve tehditle ortadan kald\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7larsa art\u0131k anayasal koruma alan\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar. Burada yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n sebebi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin rahats\u0131z edici olmas\u0131 de\u011fil, \u015fiddet ve cebirle anayasal d\u00fczeni hedef alan kurumsal faaliyettir.<\/p>\n

Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesinin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ili\u015fkin 11. madde rehberi<\/a>, siyasi partilerin ifade ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ba\u011flam\u0131ndaki \u00f6zel konumunu ve demokratik toplumdaki rol\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7tihatlar \u00fczerinden ele al\u0131r. Madde 98\u2019in yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 da bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l parti faaliyetini korurken, \u015fiddet ve cebir \u00e7izgisini anayasal s\u0131n\u0131r olarak belirler.<\/p>\n

Kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc parti \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na ba\u011flanamaz<\/h2>\n

Siyasi partilerin anayasal denetimi yaln\u0131z \u015fiddet ve ter\u00f6rle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Madde 98, siyasi partilerin kamu g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc parti \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na ba\u011flayamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve kamu kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 parti hiyerar\u015fisine tabi k\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da d\u00fczenler. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, devletin tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan hayati \u00f6nemdedir.<\/p>\n

Bir parti se\u00e7imle g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanabilir, yasama alan\u0131nda etkili olabilir veya kamu politikas\u0131 \u00f6nerileriyle toplumu ikna edebilir. Ancak kamu kurumlar\u0131, parti \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015famaz. Kamu g\u00f6revlileri parti sadakatine g\u00f6re hareket edemez. Kamu hizmetleri parti taraftarlar\u0131na g\u00f6re ayr\u0131lamaz. Yarg\u0131, idare, g\u00fcvenlik, e\u011fitim, sosyal yard\u0131m veya yerel hizmet alanlar\u0131 parti hiyerar\u015fisinin uzant\u0131s\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclemez.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle Madde 98, yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, kamu hizmetinde liyakati ve devletin tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131ca sayar. Parti faaliyeti demokratik rekabet alan\u0131d\u0131r; devlet ise b\u00fct\u00fcn vatanda\u015flara ait tarafs\u0131z kamu d\u00fczenidir. Bu ikisi kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda anayasal d\u00fczenin kurumsal dengesi bozulur.<\/p>\n

Bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l ele\u015ftiri, yapt\u0131r\u0131m sebebi olamaz<\/h2>\n

Madde 98, bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l faaliyetleri a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a korur. Y\u00fcr\u00fctme sistemi hakk\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f a\u00e7\u0131klamak, kamu politikas\u0131 \u00f6nermek, siyasi ele\u015ftiri yapmak ve anayasal de\u011fi\u015fiklik teklif etmek; \u015fiddet, cebir veya anayasal d\u00fczeni ortadan kald\u0131rma amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131k\u00e7a yapt\u0131r\u0131m sebebi olamaz. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, parti \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bak\u0131m\u0131ndan g\u00fcven verici bir e\u015fik koyar.<\/p>\n

Bir partinin mevcut anayasal sistemi ele\u015ftirmesi, farkl\u0131 bir y\u00f6netim modeli \u00f6nermesi veya anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi istemesi tek ba\u015f\u0131na yasak sebebi de\u011fildir. Demokratik toplumda anayasal de\u011fi\u015fiklik teklifleri me\u015fru faaliyet alan\u0131n\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Sorun, bu de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin \u015fiddet, cebir, ter\u00f6r veya anayasal d\u00fczeni zorla ortadan kald\u0131rma amac\u0131yla y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesidir.<\/p>\n

Bu ayr\u0131m korunmazsa, anayasal denetim siyasi rekabeti bast\u0131rma arac\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilir. Madde 98, siyasi partilerin anayasal denetimi yetkisini kullan\u0131rken ele\u015ftiriyi, bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l muhalefeti ve demokratik de\u011fi\u015fim taleplerini koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kapatma neden son \u00e7aredir?<\/h2>\n

Parti kapatma, demokratik hayat \u00fczerinde \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r sonu\u00e7 do\u011furan bir yapt\u0131r\u0131md\u0131r. Bir siyasi parti kapat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yaln\u0131z y\u00f6neticileri de\u011fil, \u00fcyeleri, se\u00e7menleri, temsil ili\u015fkisi ve \u00e7o\u011fulcu rekabet alan\u0131 da etkilenir. Bu nedenle Madde 98 kapatmay\u0131 son \u00e7are olarak d\u00fczenler.<\/p>\n

Kapatma ancak odak h\u00e2li demokratik anayasal d\u00fczeni cebir, \u015fiddet veya ter\u00f6r yoluyla ortadan kald\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan s\u00fcreklilik, yo\u011funluk ve kurumsal benimseme d\u00fczeyine ula\u015f\u0131rsa uygulanabilir. Bu ifade, tekil a\u00e7\u0131klama, m\u00fcnferit ihlal veya tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 s\u00f6ylem \u00fczerinden kapatma yap\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Odak h\u00e2li, s\u00fcreklilik ve yo\u011funluk gerektirir. Ayr\u0131ca faaliyetlerin kurumsal benimseme d\u00fczeyine ula\u015fmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n

Venedik Komisyonu\u2019nun siyasi partilerin yasaklanmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin ilkeleri<\/a>, parti kapatma gibi a\u011f\u0131r tedbirlerin ancak \u00e7ok s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ve istisnai ko\u015fullarda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilece\u011fini ortaya koyar. Madde 98\u2019in \u201cson \u00e7are\u201d yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 da parti kapatman\u0131n demokratik hayatta ola\u011fan bir yapt\u0131r\u0131m de\u011fil, en a\u011f\u0131r ve en istisnai ara\u00e7 oldu\u011funu kabul eder.<\/p>\n

Odak h\u00e2li nas\u0131l anla\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r?<\/h2>\n

Madde 98\u2019de kapatma i\u00e7in aranan odak h\u00e2li, yaln\u0131z baz\u0131 \u00fcyelerin a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131ndan ibaret de\u011fildir. Odak h\u00e2li, partinin kurumsal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n, s\u00fcreklilik g\u00f6steren faaliyetlerinin ve yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015f y\u00f6neliminin demokratik anayasal d\u00fczeni cebir, \u015fiddet veya ter\u00f6r yoluyla ortadan kald\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermelidir.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct \u00fc\u00e7 unsur ta\u015f\u0131r. Birincisi s\u00fcrekliliktir. Ge\u00e7ici, m\u00fcnferit veya anl\u0131k fiiller yeterli de\u011fildir. \u0130kincisi yo\u011funluktur. Parti faaliyeti i\u00e7inde a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k kazanan ve ciddi tehdit olu\u015fturan bir y\u00f6nelim bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc kurumsal benimsemedir. Parti organlar\u0131n\u0131n, kararlar\u0131n\u0131n, program\u0131n\u0131n veya \u00f6rg\u00fctsel prati\u011finin bu \u00e7izgiyi sahiplendi\u011fi g\u00f6sterilmelidir.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctler kapatmay\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r; fakat imk\u00e2ns\u0131z h\u00e2le getirmez. Ger\u00e7ekten \u015fiddet ve ter\u00f6r yoluyla anayasal d\u00fczeni hedefleyen parti yap\u0131lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda anayasal d\u00fczen korunur. Ancak bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l ele\u015ftiri ve demokratik de\u011fi\u015fim talepleri kapatma gerek\u00e7esi yap\u0131lamaz.<\/p>\n

Yapt\u0131r\u0131mlarda \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck nas\u0131l uygulan\u0131r?<\/h2>\n

Madde 98, yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Bu, Anayasa Mahkemesinin siyasi partiler hakk\u0131nda karar verirken tek ve otomatik yapt\u0131r\u0131m mant\u0131\u011f\u0131yla hareket edemeyece\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelir. \u0130hlalin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131, s\u00fcreklili\u011fi, kurumsal niteli\u011fi, do\u011furdu\u011fu tehlike ve demokratik d\u00fczene etkisi dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck, kapatma d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki daha hafif yapt\u0131r\u0131m veya \u00f6nlemlerin de\u011ferlendirilmesini de gerektirir. Kapatma son \u00e7aredir; bu nedenle daha hafif ara\u00e7larla anayasal d\u00fczen korunabiliyorsa en a\u011f\u0131r yapt\u0131r\u0131ma gidilmemelidir. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, hem parti \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc hem anayasal d\u00fczeni birlikte korur.<\/p>\n

Avrupa Parlamentosu ara\u015ft\u0131rma servisinin parti yasaklar\u0131 ve demokratik standartlara ili\u015fkin de\u011ferlendirmesi<\/a>, parti kapatma veya yasaklama tedbirlerinin demokratik toplum bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7ok hassas ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck gerektiren ara\u00e7lar oldu\u011funu vurgulayan g\u00fcncel bir tart\u0131\u015fma \u00e7er\u00e7evesi sunar. Madde 98\u2019in \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck vurgusu da bu hassasiyeti anayasal d\u00fczeye ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Denetim yetkisinin devredilemezli\u011fi<\/h2>\n

Madde 98, siyasi partilerin anayasal denetiminin Anayasa Mahkemesi Genel Kurulunca yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bu yetkinin devredilemeyece\u011fini belirtir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, parti denetimi gibi a\u011f\u0131r sonu\u00e7 do\u011furabilecek bir yetkinin daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir organa, idari makama veya dar kurula b\u0131rak\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

Parti denetimi, demokratik hayat\u0131n merkezine temas eder. Bu nedenle karar\u0131n Anayasa Mahkemesi Genel Kurulu taraf\u0131ndan verilmesi, hem kurumsal a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k hem \u00e7o\u011fulcu de\u011ferlendirme hem de yarg\u0131sal ciddiyet bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Yetki devredilemezli\u011fi, bu denetimin siyasi veya idari bir i\u015flem gibi kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyen g\u00fcvence niteli\u011findedir.<\/p>\n

Bu d\u00fczenleme, Anayasa Mahkemesine de sorumluluk y\u00fckler. Mahkeme denetim yaparken yaln\u0131z g\u00fcvenlik veya kamu d\u00fczeni gerek\u00e7elerini de\u011fil, \u00e7o\u011fulculu\u011fu, \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, ele\u015ftiri hakk\u0131n\u0131 ve demokratik yar\u0131\u015f\u0131n korunmas\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6zetmelidir.<\/p>\n

Adil, aleni ve gerek\u00e7eli yarg\u0131lama<\/h2>\n

Madde 98, siyasi parti denetimi yarg\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131n adil, aleni ve gerek\u00e7eli y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclece\u011fini belirtir. Bu g\u00fcvence, siyasi partiler hakk\u0131nda verilecek a\u011f\u0131r kararlar\u0131n kapal\u0131 ve belirsiz s\u00fcre\u00e7lerle al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller. Parti, kendisine y\u00f6neltilen iddialar\u0131 bilmeli, savunma yapabilmeli, delilleri tart\u0131\u015fabilmeli ve mahkemenin hangi gerek\u00e7eyle sonuca ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rebilmelidir.<\/p>\n

Aleniyet, toplumun s\u00fcreci izleyebilmesini sa\u011flar. Gerek\u00e7eli karar ise karar\u0131n siyasi kanaate de\u011fil, hukuki \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlere ve delillere dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Kapatma gibi a\u011f\u0131r yapt\u0131r\u0131m kararlar\u0131nda gerek\u00e7enin a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nemlidir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc karar yaln\u0131z partiye de\u011fil, se\u00e7men iradesine ve \u00e7o\u011fulcu rekabete de etki eder.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle Madde 98, yapt\u0131r\u0131m g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc yarg\u0131lama g\u00fcvenceleriyle birlikte kurar. Anayasa Mahkemesi partileri denetler; fakat bu denetim adil yarg\u0131lama, aleniyet ve gerek\u00e7eli karar ilkeleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclemez.<\/p>\n

Siyasi partilerin anayasal denetim haritas\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Alan<\/th>\nMadde 98\u2019deki Anlam\u0131<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Denetim makam\u0131<\/td>\nAnayasa Mahkemesi Genel Kurulu; yetki devredilemez.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Serbest faaliyet<\/td>\nYasama, temsil, kamu politikas\u0131 \u00f6nerme, kamuoyu olu\u015fturma, ele\u015ftiri ve \u00e7o\u011fulcu rekabet<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Yasak alan<\/td>\n\u015eiddet, ter\u00f6r, ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k, d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k ve cebirle anayasal d\u00fczeni de\u011fi\u015ftirme te\u015fviki<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Devlet tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/td>\nKamu g\u00fcc\u00fc parti \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na ba\u011flanamaz; kamu kurumlar\u0131 parti hiyerar\u015fisine tabi k\u0131l\u0131namaz.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Korunan faaliyet<\/td>\nBar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l ele\u015ftiri, y\u00fcr\u00fctme sistemi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, kamu politikas\u0131 \u00f6nerisi ve anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi teklifi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Yapt\u0131r\u0131m ilkesi<\/td>\n\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck esast\u0131r; kapatma son \u00e7aredir.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kapatma e\u015fi\u011fi<\/td>\nS\u00fcreklilik, yo\u011funluk ve kurumsal benimseme d\u00fczeyinde odak h\u00e2li gerekir.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Bu harita, siyasi partilerin anayasal denetimi sisteminin yaln\u0131z yasaklama mant\u0131\u011f\u0131yla de\u011fil, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, s\u0131n\u0131r, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ve kurumsal tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k dengesiyle kuruldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7: Siyasi partilerin anayasal denetimi \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve d\u00fczen dengesidir<\/h2>\n

Siyasi partilerin anayasal denetimi, Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde \u00e7o\u011fulcu demokratik faaliyeti korurken, anayasal d\u00fczenin cebir, \u015fiddet, ter\u00f6r, ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k, d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k ve kamu g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn parti \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na ba\u011flanmas\u0131 yoluyla zedelenmesini engelleyen temel g\u00fcvence mekanizmas\u0131d\u0131r. Madde 98, bu denetimi Anayasa Mahkemesi Genel Kuruluna verir ve yetkinin devredilemeyece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a d\u00fczenler.<\/p>\n

Bu maddenin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc taraf\u0131, siyasi partilerin serbest faaliyet alan\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a tan\u0131mas\u0131d\u0131r. Partiler yasama, temsil, kamu politikas\u0131 \u00f6nerme, kamuoyu olu\u015fturma, \u00e7o\u011fulcu rekabet, ele\u015ftiri, milletvekilli\u011fi ve yerel karar organlar\u0131 alan\u0131nda serbest\u00e7e faaliyet g\u00f6sterir. Bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l faaliyet, y\u00fcr\u00fctme sistemi hakk\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f a\u00e7\u0131klama, kamu politikas\u0131 \u00f6nerme, siyasi ele\u015ftiri ve anayasal de\u011fi\u015fiklik teklifleri; \u015fiddet, cebir veya anayasal d\u00fczeni ortadan kald\u0131rma amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131k\u00e7a yapt\u0131r\u0131m sebebi olamaz.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak Madde 98, parti kapatmay\u0131 ola\u011fan bir denetim arac\u0131 de\u011fil, en a\u011f\u0131r ve en istisnai yapt\u0131r\u0131m olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcd\u00fcr; kapatma son \u00e7aredir ve ancak odak h\u00e2li demokratik anayasal d\u00fczeni cebir, \u015fiddet veya ter\u00f6r yoluyla ortadan kald\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan s\u00fcreklilik, yo\u011funluk ve kurumsal benimseme d\u00fczeyine ula\u015f\u0131rsa uygulan\u0131r. Yarg\u0131lama adil, aleni ve gerek\u00e7eli y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu nedenle siyasi partilerin anayasal denetimi, bu anayasa modelinde \u00e7o\u011fulcu rekabet, bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l ele\u015ftiri, devletin tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, kamu g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn parti \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na ba\u011flanmamas\u0131, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ve demokratik anayasal d\u00fczenin korunmas\u0131<\/strong> aras\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f hassas bir denetim sistemidir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Siyasi partilerin anayasal denetimi, \u00e7o\u011fulcu demokratik hayat\u0131n serbest\u00e7e i\u015flemesini sa\u011flarken, kamu g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn parti \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na ba\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131, \u015fiddetin me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n zedelenmesini ve anayasal d\u00fczenin cebir veya tehditle ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyen hassas bir anayasal g\u00fcvence alan\u0131d\u0131r. Siyasi partiler demokratik toplumun vazge\u00e7ilmez \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme bi\u00e7imlerinden biridir. Kamu politikas\u0131 \u00f6nerir, toplumsal talepleri temsil eder, yasama faaliyetinde rol oynar, kamuoyu olu\u015fturur ve iktidar\u0131 ele\u015ftirir. Fakat siyasi parti \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, devletin tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rma, kamu kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 parti hiyerar\u015fisine ba\u011flama veya \u015fiddet yoluyla anayasal d\u00fczeni y\u0131kma serbestli\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelmez. Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde Madde 98, siyasi partilerin anayasal denetimi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan iki y\u00f6nl\u00fc bir sistem kurar. Bir yandan siyasi partilerin yasama, temsil, kamu politikas\u0131 \u00f6nerme, kamuoyu olu\u015fturma, \u00e7o\u011fulcu rekabet, ele\u015ftiri, milletvekilli\u011fi ve yerel karar organlar\u0131 alan\u0131nda serbest\u00e7e faaliyet g\u00f6sterece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a kabul eder. Di\u011fer yandan \u015fiddeti, ter\u00f6r\u00fc, ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya anayasal d\u00fczeni cebir ve tehditle de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyi te\u015fvik eden; kamu g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc parti \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na ba\u011flayan; kamu kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 parti hiyerar\u015fisine tabi k\u0131lan faaliyetleri anayasal s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131r. Madde 98\u2019in en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc taraf\u0131, kapatmay\u0131 kolay bir yapt\u0131r\u0131m olarak de\u011fil, son \u00e7are olarak d\u00fczenlemesidir. Bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l faaliyet, y\u00fcr\u00fctme sistemi hakk\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f a\u00e7\u0131klama, kamu politikas\u0131 \u00f6nerme, siyasi ele\u015ftiri ve anayasal de\u011fi\u015fiklik teklifleri; \u015fiddet, cebir veya anayasal d\u00fczeni ortadan kald\u0131rma amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131k\u00e7a yapt\u0131r\u0131m sebebi olamaz. Kapatma ise ancak odak h\u00e2li demokratik anayasal d\u00fczeni cebir, \u015fiddet veya ter\u00f6r yoluyla ortadan kald\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan s\u00fcreklilik, yo\u011funluk ve kurumsal benimseme d\u00fczeyine ula\u015f\u0131rsa uygulan\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece siyasi partilerin anayasal denetimi, \u00f6zg\u00fcr siyasal rekabet ile anayasal d\u00fczenin korunmas\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc bir denge kurar. Madde 98 \u2013 Anayasa Mahkemesinin Siyasi Partileri Anayasal A\u00e7\u0131dan Denetimi Anayasa Mahkemesi Genel Kurulu, partilerin Anayasaya, demokratik hukuk devletine, mill\u00ee egemenli\u011fe, Devletin b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ve siyasi faaliyetin anayasal s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na uygunlu\u011funu denetler. Yetki devredilemez. Siyasi partiler; yasama, temsil, kamu politikas\u0131 \u00f6nerme, kamuoyu olu\u015fturma, \u00e7o\u011fulcu rekabet, ele\u015ftiri, milletvekilli\u011fi ve yerel karar organlar\u0131 alan\u0131nda serbest\u00e7e faaliyet g\u00f6sterir. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131, Ba\u015fbakan, belediye ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve muhtarl\u0131k adayl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n parti kurumsal adayl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kapal\u0131 olmas\u0131 bu i\u015flevleri zay\u0131flatmaz. Siyasi partiler \u015fiddeti, ter\u00f6r\u00fc, ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya anayasal d\u00fczeni cebir ve tehditle de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyi te\u015fvik edemez. Kamu g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc parti \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na ba\u011flayamaz; kamu kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 parti hiyerar\u015fisine tabi k\u0131lamaz. Yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, kamu hizmetinde liyakati ve devletin tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 zedeleyemez. Bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l faaliyet, y\u00fcr\u00fctme sistemi hakk\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f a\u00e7\u0131klama, kamu politikas\u0131 \u00f6nerme, siyasi ele\u015ftiri ve anayasal de\u011fi\u015fiklik teklifleri; \u015fiddet, cebir veya anayasal d\u00fczeni ortadan kald\u0131rma amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131k\u00e7a yapt\u0131r\u0131m sebebi olamaz. Yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Kapatma son \u00e7aredir ve ancak odak h\u00e2li demokratik anayasal d\u00fczeni cebir, \u015fiddet veya ter\u00f6r yoluyla ortadan kald\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan s\u00fcreklilik, yo\u011funluk ve kurumsal benimseme d\u00fczeyine ula\u015f\u0131rsa uygulan\u0131r. Yarg\u0131lama adil, aleni ve gerek\u00e7eli y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr. Parti \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olmadan \u00e7o\u011fulcu rekabet olmaz Siyasi partilerin anayasal denetimi, parti \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ortadan kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in de\u011fil, bu \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc anayasal s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7inde korumak i\u00e7in vard\u0131r. Bir \u00fclkede siyasi partiler kamu politikas\u0131 \u00f6neremiyor, iktidar\u0131 ele\u015ftiremiyor, yasama alan\u0131nda rekabet edemiyor veya farkl\u0131 toplum kesimlerinin taleplerini temsil edemiyorsa, \u00e7o\u011fulcu demokratik hayat zay\u0131flar. Madde 98 bu nedenle siyasi partilerin faaliyet alan\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nce serbestlik \u00fczerinden tan\u0131mlar. Partiler yasama, temsil, kamu politikas\u0131 \u00f6nerme, kamuoyu olu\u015fturma, \u00e7o\u011fulcu rekabet, ele\u015ftiri, milletvekilli\u011fi ve yerel karar organlar\u0131 alan\u0131nda serbest\u00e7e faaliyet g\u00f6sterir. Bu ifade, parti hayat\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131z se\u00e7imlere kat\u0131lmaktan ibaret olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Parti; fikir \u00fcretir, ele\u015ftirir, temsil eder, \u00f6rg\u00fctlenir, kamuoyunu ikna etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve yasama alan\u0131nda alternatif sunar. OSCE\/ODIHR ve Venedik Komisyonu\u2019nun siyasi parti d\u00fczenlemesine ili\u015fkin g\u00fcncel rehberi, siyasi partilerin kurulmas\u0131, geli\u015fmesi ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n insan haklar\u0131 standartlar\u0131yla uyumlu bi\u00e7imde d\u00fczenlenmesi i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Madde 98\u2019in ilk dengesi de budur: Parti faaliyetleri serbest olmal\u0131, fakat bu serbestlik anayasal d\u00fczenin temel s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmelidir. Parti kurumsal adayl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kapal\u0131 makamlar ne anlama gelir? Madde 98, Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131, Ba\u015fbakan, belediye ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve muhtarl\u0131k adayl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n parti kurumsal adayl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kapal\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131n siyasi partilerin temel i\u015flevlerini zay\u0131flatmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n genel sistemati\u011fiyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Bu modelde baz\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctme makamlar\u0131 bireysel adayl\u0131\u011fa dayan\u0131r; parti organ\u0131 karar\u0131yla aday belirleme mekanizmas\u0131na kapal\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak bu durum siyasi partilerin tamamen etkisizle\u015fti\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelmez. Partiler yine yasama alan\u0131nda faaliyet g\u00f6sterir, kamu politikas\u0131 \u00f6nerir, milletvekilli\u011fi ve yerel karar organlar\u0131 alan\u0131nda temsil \u00fcretir, kamuoyu olu\u015fturur ve ele\u015ftiri yapar. Yani partilerin demokratik i\u015flevi s\u00fcrer; fakat belirli y\u00fcr\u00fctme makamlar\u0131 parti kurumsal adayl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kapal\u0131 tutularak y\u00fcr\u00fctme makamlar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frudan ki\u015fisel liyakat, sorumluluk ve se\u00e7men de\u011ferlendirmesiyle \u015fekillenmesi ama\u00e7lan\u0131r. Bu ayr\u0131m, siyasi partilerin anayasal denetimi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Partiler serbest faaliyet alan\u0131na sahiptir; ancak b\u00fct\u00fcn kamu makamlar\u0131n\u0131 kurumsal parti hiyerar\u015fisine ba\u011flama hakk\u0131na sahip de\u011fildir. B\u00f6ylece temsil ve kamu politikas\u0131 \u00fcretimi korunurken, baz\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctme makamlar\u0131nda parti kurumsal belirleme g\u00fcc\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. \u015eiddet, ter\u00f6r ve cebir \u00e7izgisi Madde 98\u2019in temel yasak alan\u0131 \u015fiddet, ter\u00f6r, ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k, d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k ve anayasal d\u00fczeni cebir veya tehditle de\u011fi\u015ftirme te\u015fvikidir. Demokratik d\u00fczende bir siyasi parti \u00e7ok sert ele\u015ftiri yapabilir, mevcut sistemi de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyi \u00f6nerebilir, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi savunabilir veya y\u00fcr\u00fctme modeline kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kabilir. Bunlar bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l ve demokratik faaliyet alan\u0131d\u0131r. Fakat parti, \u015fiddeti me\u015fru y\u00f6ntem olarak sunarsa, ter\u00f6r\u00fc te\u015fvik ederse, toplumsal kesimler aras\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlerse veya anayasal d\u00fczeni cebir ve tehditle ortadan kald\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7larsa art\u0131k anayasal koruma alan\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar. Burada yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n sebebi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin rahats\u0131z edici olmas\u0131 de\u011fil, \u015fiddet ve cebirle anayasal d\u00fczeni hedef alan kurumsal faaliyettir. Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesinin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ili\u015fkin 11. madde rehberi, siyasi partilerin ifade ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ba\u011flam\u0131ndaki \u00f6zel konumunu ve demokratik toplumdaki rol\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7tihatlar \u00fczerinden ele al\u0131r. Madde 98\u2019in yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 da bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l parti faaliyetini korurken, \u015fiddet ve cebir \u00e7izgisini anayasal s\u0131n\u0131r olarak belirler. Kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc parti \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na ba\u011flanamaz Siyasi partilerin anayasal denetimi yaln\u0131z \u015fiddet ve ter\u00f6rle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Madde 98, siyasi partilerin kamu g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc parti \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na ba\u011flayamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve kamu kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 parti hiyerar\u015fisine tabi k\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da d\u00fczenler. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, devletin tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan hayati \u00f6nemdedir. Bir parti se\u00e7imle g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanabilir, yasama alan\u0131nda etkili olabilir veya kamu politikas\u0131 \u00f6nerileriyle toplumu ikna edebilir. Ancak kamu kurumlar\u0131, parti \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015famaz. Kamu g\u00f6revlileri parti sadakatine g\u00f6re hareket edemez. Kamu hizmetleri parti taraftarlar\u0131na g\u00f6re ayr\u0131lamaz. Yarg\u0131, idare, g\u00fcvenlik, e\u011fitim, sosyal yard\u0131m veya yerel hizmet alanlar\u0131 parti hiyerar\u015fisinin uzant\u0131s\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclemez. Bu nedenle Madde 98, yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, kamu hizmetinde liyakati ve devletin tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131ca sayar. Parti faaliyeti demokratik rekabet alan\u0131d\u0131r; devlet ise b\u00fct\u00fcn vatanda\u015flara ait tarafs\u0131z kamu d\u00fczenidir. Bu ikisi kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda anayasal d\u00fczenin kurumsal dengesi bozulur. Bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l ele\u015ftiri, yapt\u0131r\u0131m sebebi olamaz Madde 98, bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l faaliyetleri a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a korur. Y\u00fcr\u00fctme sistemi hakk\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f a\u00e7\u0131klamak, kamu politikas\u0131 \u00f6nermek, siyasi ele\u015ftiri yapmak ve anayasal de\u011fi\u015fiklik teklif etmek; \u015fiddet, cebir veya anayasal d\u00fczeni ortadan kald\u0131rma amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131k\u00e7a yapt\u0131r\u0131m sebebi olamaz. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, parti \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bak\u0131m\u0131ndan g\u00fcven verici bir e\u015fik koyar. Bir partinin mevcut anayasal sistemi ele\u015ftirmesi, farkl\u0131 bir y\u00f6netim modeli \u00f6nermesi veya anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi istemesi tek ba\u015f\u0131na yasak sebebi de\u011fildir. Demokratik toplumda anayasal de\u011fi\u015fiklik teklifleri me\u015fru faaliyet alan\u0131n\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Sorun, bu de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin \u015fiddet, cebir, ter\u00f6r veya anayasal d\u00fczeni zorla ortadan kald\u0131rma amac\u0131yla y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesidir. Bu ayr\u0131m korunmazsa, anayasal denetim siyasi rekabeti bast\u0131rma arac\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilir. Madde 98, siyasi partilerin anayasal denetimi yetkisini kullan\u0131rken ele\u015ftiriyi, bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l muhalefeti ve demokratik de\u011fi\u015fim taleplerini koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131r. Kapatma neden son \u00e7aredir? Parti kapatma, demokratik hayat \u00fczerinde \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r sonu\u00e7 do\u011furan bir yapt\u0131r\u0131md\u0131r. Bir siyasi parti kapat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yaln\u0131z y\u00f6neticileri de\u011fil, \u00fcyeleri, se\u00e7menleri, temsil ili\u015fkisi ve \u00e7o\u011fulcu rekabet alan\u0131 da etkilenir. Bu nedenle Madde 98 kapatmay\u0131 son \u00e7are olarak d\u00fczenler. Kapatma ancak odak h\u00e2li demokratik anayasal d\u00fczeni cebir, \u015fiddet veya ter\u00f6r yoluyla ortadan kald\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan s\u00fcreklilik, yo\u011funluk ve kurumsal benimseme d\u00fczeyine ula\u015f\u0131rsa uygulanabilir. Bu ifade, tekil a\u00e7\u0131klama, m\u00fcnferit ihlal veya tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 s\u00f6ylem \u00fczerinden kapatma yap\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Odak h\u00e2li, s\u00fcreklilik ve yo\u011funluk gerektirir. Ayr\u0131ca faaliyetlerin kurumsal benimseme d\u00fczeyine ula\u015fmas\u0131 gerekir. Venedik Komisyonu\u2019nun siyasi partilerin yasaklanmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin ilkeleri, parti kapatma gibi a\u011f\u0131r tedbirlerin ancak \u00e7ok s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ve istisnai ko\u015fullarda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilece\u011fini ortaya koyar. Madde 98\u2019in \u201cson \u00e7are\u201d yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 da parti kapatman\u0131n demokratik hayatta ola\u011fan bir yapt\u0131r\u0131m de\u011fil, en a\u011f\u0131r ve en istisnai ara\u00e7 oldu\u011funu kabul eder. Odak h\u00e2li nas\u0131l anla\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r? Madde 98\u2019de kapatma i\u00e7in aranan odak h\u00e2li, yaln\u0131z baz\u0131 \u00fcyelerin a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131ndan ibaret de\u011fildir. Odak h\u00e2li, partinin kurumsal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n, s\u00fcreklilik g\u00f6steren faaliyetlerinin ve yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015f y\u00f6neliminin demokratik anayasal d\u00fczeni cebir, \u015fiddet veya ter\u00f6r yoluyla ortadan kald\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermelidir. Bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct \u00fc\u00e7 unsur ta\u015f\u0131r. Birincisi s\u00fcrekliliktir. Ge\u00e7ici, m\u00fcnferit veya anl\u0131k fiiller yeterli de\u011fildir. \u0130kincisi yo\u011funluktur. Parti faaliyeti i\u00e7inde a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k kazanan ve ciddi tehdit olu\u015fturan bir y\u00f6nelim bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc kurumsal benimsemedir. Parti organlar\u0131n\u0131n, kararlar\u0131n\u0131n, program\u0131n\u0131n veya \u00f6rg\u00fctsel prati\u011finin bu \u00e7izgiyi sahiplendi\u011fi g\u00f6sterilmelidir. Bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctler kapatmay\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r; fakat imk\u00e2ns\u0131z h\u00e2le getirmez. Ger\u00e7ekten \u015fiddet ve ter\u00f6r yoluyla anayasal d\u00fczeni hedefleyen parti yap\u0131lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda anayasal d\u00fczen korunur. Ancak bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l ele\u015ftiri ve demokratik de\u011fi\u015fim talepleri kapatma gerek\u00e7esi yap\u0131lamaz. Yapt\u0131r\u0131mlarda \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck nas\u0131l uygulan\u0131r? Madde 98, yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Bu, Anayasa Mahkemesinin siyasi partiler hakk\u0131nda karar verirken tek ve otomatik yapt\u0131r\u0131m mant\u0131\u011f\u0131yla hareket edemeyece\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelir. \u0130hlalin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131, s\u00fcreklili\u011fi, kurumsal niteli\u011fi, do\u011furdu\u011fu tehlike ve demokratik d\u00fczene etkisi dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck, kapatma d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki daha hafif yapt\u0131r\u0131m veya \u00f6nlemlerin de\u011ferlendirilmesini de gerektirir. Kapatma son \u00e7aredir; bu nedenle daha hafif ara\u00e7larla anayasal d\u00fczen korunabiliyorsa en a\u011f\u0131r yapt\u0131r\u0131ma gidilmemelidir. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, hem parti \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc hem anayasal d\u00fczeni birlikte korur. Avrupa Parlamentosu ara\u015ft\u0131rma servisinin parti yasaklar\u0131 ve demokratik standartlara ili\u015fkin de\u011ferlendirmesi, parti kapatma veya yasaklama tedbirlerinin demokratik toplum bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7ok hassas ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck gerektiren ara\u00e7lar oldu\u011funu vurgulayan g\u00fcncel bir tart\u0131\u015fma \u00e7er\u00e7evesi sunar. Madde 98\u2019in \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck vurgusu da bu hassasiyeti anayasal d\u00fczeye ta\u015f\u0131r. Denetim yetkisinin devredilemezli\u011fi Madde 98, siyasi partilerin anayasal denetiminin Anayasa Mahkemesi Genel Kurulunca yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bu yetkinin devredilemeyece\u011fini belirtir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, parti denetimi gibi a\u011f\u0131r sonu\u00e7 do\u011furabilecek bir yetkinin daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir organa, idari makama veya dar kurula b\u0131rak\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Parti denetimi, demokratik hayat\u0131n merkezine temas eder. Bu nedenle karar\u0131n Anayasa Mahkemesi Genel Kurulu taraf\u0131ndan verilmesi, hem kurumsal a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k hem \u00e7o\u011fulcu de\u011ferlendirme hem de yarg\u0131sal ciddiyet bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Yetki devredilemezli\u011fi, bu denetimin siyasi veya idari bir i\u015flem gibi kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyen g\u00fcvence niteli\u011findedir. Bu d\u00fczenleme, Anayasa Mahkemesine de sorumluluk y\u00fckler. Mahkeme denetim yaparken yaln\u0131z g\u00fcvenlik veya kamu d\u00fczeni gerek\u00e7elerini de\u011fil, \u00e7o\u011fulculu\u011fu, \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, ele\u015ftiri hakk\u0131n\u0131 ve demokratik yar\u0131\u015f\u0131n korunmas\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6zetmelidir. Adil, aleni ve gerek\u00e7eli yarg\u0131lama Madde 98, siyasi parti denetimi yarg\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131n adil, aleni ve gerek\u00e7eli y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclece\u011fini belirtir. Bu g\u00fcvence, siyasi partiler hakk\u0131nda verilecek a\u011f\u0131r kararlar\u0131n kapal\u0131 ve belirsiz s\u00fcre\u00e7lerle al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller. Parti, kendisine y\u00f6neltilen iddialar\u0131 bilmeli, savunma yapabilmeli, delilleri tart\u0131\u015fabilmeli ve mahkemenin hangi gerek\u00e7eyle sonuca ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rebilmelidir. Aleniyet, toplumun s\u00fcreci izleyebilmesini sa\u011flar. Gerek\u00e7eli karar ise karar\u0131n siyasi kanaate de\u011fil, hukuki \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlere ve delillere dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Kapatma gibi a\u011f\u0131r yapt\u0131r\u0131m kararlar\u0131nda gerek\u00e7enin a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nemlidir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc karar yaln\u0131z partiye de\u011fil, se\u00e7men iradesine ve \u00e7o\u011fulcu rekabete de etki eder. Bu nedenle Madde 98, yapt\u0131r\u0131m g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc yarg\u0131lama g\u00fcvenceleriyle birlikte kurar. Anayasa Mahkemesi partileri denetler; fakat bu denetim adil yarg\u0131lama, aleniyet ve gerek\u00e7eli karar ilkeleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclemez. Siyasi partilerin anayasal denetim haritas\u0131 Alan Madde 98\u2019deki Anlam\u0131 Denetim makam\u0131 Anayasa Mahkemesi Genel Kurulu; yetki devredilemez. Serbest faaliyet Yasama, temsil, kamu politikas\u0131 \u00f6nerme, kamuoyu olu\u015fturma, ele\u015ftiri ve \u00e7o\u011fulcu rekabet Yasak alan \u015eiddet, ter\u00f6r, ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k, d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k ve cebirle anayasal d\u00fczeni de\u011fi\u015ftirme te\u015fviki Devlet tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc parti \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na ba\u011flanamaz; kamu kurumlar\u0131 parti hiyerar\u015fisine tabi k\u0131l\u0131namaz. Korunan faaliyet Bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l ele\u015ftiri, y\u00fcr\u00fctme sistemi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, kamu politikas\u0131 \u00f6nerisi ve anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi teklifi Yapt\u0131r\u0131m ilkesi \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck esast\u0131r; kapatma son \u00e7aredir. Kapatma e\u015fi\u011fi S\u00fcreklilik, yo\u011funluk ve kurumsal benimseme d\u00fczeyinde odak h\u00e2li gerekir. Bu harita, siyasi partilerin anayasal denetimi sisteminin yaln\u0131z yasaklama mant\u0131\u011f\u0131yla de\u011fil, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, s\u0131n\u0131r, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ve kurumsal tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k dengesiyle kuruldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. Sonu\u00e7: Siyasi partilerin anayasal denetimi \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve d\u00fczen dengesidir Siyasi partilerin anayasal denetimi, Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde \u00e7o\u011fulcu demokratik faaliyeti korurken, anayasal d\u00fczenin cebir, \u015fiddet, ter\u00f6r, ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k, d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k ve kamu g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn parti \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na ba\u011flanmas\u0131 yoluyla zedelenmesini engelleyen temel g\u00fcvence mekanizmas\u0131d\u0131r. Madde 98, bu denetimi Anayasa Mahkemesi Genel Kuruluna verir ve yetkinin devredilemeyece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a d\u00fczenler. Bu maddenin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc taraf\u0131, siyasi partilerin serbest faaliyet alan\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a tan\u0131mas\u0131d\u0131r. Partiler yasama, temsil, kamu politikas\u0131 \u00f6nerme, kamuoyu olu\u015fturma, \u00e7o\u011fulcu rekabet, ele\u015ftiri, milletvekilli\u011fi ve yerel karar organlar\u0131 alan\u0131nda serbest\u00e7e faaliyet g\u00f6sterir. Bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l faaliyet, y\u00fcr\u00fctme sistemi hakk\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f a\u00e7\u0131klama, kamu politikas\u0131 \u00f6nerme, siyasi ele\u015ftiri ve anayasal de\u011fi\u015fiklik teklifleri; \u015fiddet, cebir veya anayasal d\u00fczeni ortadan kald\u0131rma amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131k\u00e7a yapt\u0131r\u0131m sebebi olamaz. Sonu\u00e7 olarak Madde 98, parti kapatmay\u0131 ola\u011fan bir denetim arac\u0131 de\u011fil, en a\u011f\u0131r ve en istisnai yapt\u0131r\u0131m olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcd\u00fcr; kapatma son \u00e7aredir ve ancak odak h\u00e2li demokratik anayasal d\u00fczeni cebir, \u015fiddet veya ter\u00f6r yoluyla ortadan kald\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan s\u00fcreklilik, yo\u011funluk ve kurumsal benimseme d\u00fczeyine ula\u015f\u0131rsa uygulan\u0131r. Yarg\u0131lama adil, aleni ve gerek\u00e7eli y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu nedenle siyasi partilerin anayasal denetimi, bu anayasa modelinde \u00e7o\u011fulcu rekabet, bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l ele\u015ftiri, devletin tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, kamu g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn parti \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na ba\u011flanmamas\u0131, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ve demokratik anayasal d\u00fczenin korunmas\u0131 aras\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f hassas bir denetim sistemidir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":366,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-365","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-yargi-ve-anayasal-denetim"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/365","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=365"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/365\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":367,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/365\/revisions\/367"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/366"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=365"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=365"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=365"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}