{"id":362,"date":"2026-06-19T08:45:00","date_gmt":"2026-06-19T08:45:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/?p=362"},"modified":"2026-06-19T08:45:00","modified_gmt":"2026-06-19T08:45:00","slug":"yuce-divan-madde-97","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/yuce-divan-madde-97\/","title":{"rendered":"Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131\u2019nda Y\u00fcce Divan (Madde 97)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Y\u00fcce Divan<\/strong>, devletin en y\u00fcksek makamlar\u0131nda g\u00f6rev yapan kamu g\u00f6revlilerinin, g\u00f6revleriyle do\u011frudan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r hukuki sorumluluklar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131radan bir yarg\u0131lama anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla de\u011fil, anayasal a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan \u00f6zel bir y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131lama usul\u00fcyle de\u011ferlendirilmesini sa\u011flayan temel kurumdur. Bir \u00fclkede Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131, Ba\u015fbakan, y\u00fcr\u00fctme te\u015fkilat ba\u015fkanlar\u0131, y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131 organlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fkan ve \u00fcyeleri, ba\u015fsavc\u0131lar, H\u00e2kimler ve Savc\u0131lar Kurulu \u00fcyeleri veya Say\u0131\u015ftay ba\u015fkan ve \u00fcyeleri gibi makamlar b\u00fcy\u00fck kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc kullan\u0131r. Bu kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a hesap verebilirlik ihtiyac\u0131 da artar. Ancak hesap verebilirlik, aceleci su\u00e7lama, siyasi hesapla\u015fma veya delilsiz yarg\u0131lama anlam\u0131na gelmez. Y\u00fcce Divan, y\u00fcksek makam sorumlulu\u011fu ile adil yarg\u0131lanma g\u00fcvenceleri aras\u0131nda kurulan anayasal denge mekanizmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131<\/a> i\u00e7inde Madde 97, Anayasa Mahkemesinin Anayasada g\u00f6sterilen y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00f6revlilerini Y\u00fcce Divan s\u0131fat\u0131yla yarg\u0131layaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenler. Bu tercih, Y\u00fcce Divan yarg\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131n ola\u011fan ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131ndan tamamen kopuk bir ayr\u0131cal\u0131k alan\u0131 oldu\u011funu de\u011fil, g\u00f6revle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r kamu sorumlulu\u011funun anayasal uzmanl\u0131k ve y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131 ciddiyeti i\u00e7inde ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. Burada ama\u00e7 y\u00fcksek g\u00f6revlileri korumak de\u011fil; g\u00f6revlerinin niteli\u011fi, anayasal konumlar\u0131 ve kulland\u0131klar\u0131 kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc yo\u011funlu\u011fu nedeniyle yarg\u0131lamay\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z, tarafs\u0131z ve y\u00fcksek anayasal standartlara ba\u011fl\u0131 bir \u00e7er\u00e7evede y\u00fcr\u00fctmektir.<\/p>\n

Madde 97\u2019nin en \u00f6nemli taraf\u0131, Y\u00fcce Divan kapsam\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z b\u0131rakmamas\u0131d\u0131r. Kanun bu kapsam\u0131 ancak anayasal konumu ve kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc yo\u011funlu\u011fu nedeniyle bu yarg\u0131lamay\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lan g\u00f6revlilerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olarak geni\u015fletebilir. Ayr\u0131ca g\u00f6revle do\u011frudan hukuki ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 bulunmayan ki\u015fisel su\u00e7lar genel mahkemelerde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. B\u00f6ylece Y\u00fcce Divan, ne y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00f6revlileri i\u00e7in dokunulmazl\u0131k z\u0131rh\u0131 ne de her ki\u015fisel fiili \u00f6zel y\u00fcksek mahkeme alan\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131yan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz bir ayr\u0131cal\u0131k yoludur.<\/p>\n

Madde 97 \u2013 Anayasa Mahkemesinin Y\u00fcce Divan S\u0131fat\u0131yla Yarg\u0131lama Yapmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Anayasa Mahkemesi, Anayasada g\u00f6sterilen y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00f6revlilerini Y\u00fcce Divan s\u0131fat\u0131yla yarg\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131, Ba\u015fbakan, y\u00fcr\u00fctme te\u015fkilat ba\u015fkanlar\u0131, y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131 organlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fkan ve \u00fcyeleri, ba\u015fsavc\u0131lar, H\u00e2kimler ve Savc\u0131lar Kurulu \u00fcyeleri ile Say\u0131\u015ftay ba\u015fkan ve \u00fcyeleri bu kapsamdad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kanun, Y\u00fcce Divan kapsam\u0131n\u0131 ancak anayasal konumu ve kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc yo\u011funlu\u011fu nedeniyle bu yarg\u0131lamay\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lan g\u00f6revlilerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olarak geni\u015fletebilir.<\/p>\n

Y\u00fcce Divana sevk, yetkili organlarca somut delile dayanan gerek\u00e7eli kararla yap\u0131l\u0131r. G\u00f6revle do\u011frudan hukuki ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 bulunmayan ki\u015fisel su\u00e7lar genel mahkemelerde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6revin sona ermesi, g\u00f6rev s\u0131ras\u0131nda i\u015flendi\u011fi iddia edilen fiiller bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Y\u00fcce Divan yarg\u0131lamas\u0131na engel de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Yarg\u0131lama; ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k, masumiyet karinesi, savunma hakk\u0131, silahlar\u0131n e\u015fitli\u011fi, makul s\u00fcre, aleniyet ve gerek\u00e7eli karar ilkelerine uygun y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Y\u00fcce Divan neden \u00f6zel bir anayasal yarg\u0131lama yoludur?<\/h2>\n

Y\u00fcce Divan, y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00f6revlilerinin g\u00f6revleriyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 fiillerinin s\u0131radan bir idari veya siyasi de\u011ferlendirme gibi ele al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller. Burada yarg\u0131lanan yaln\u0131z bir ki\u015fi de\u011fildir; \u00e7o\u011fu zaman devletin en \u00fcst anayasal makamlar\u0131ndan birinin g\u00f6rev s\u0131ras\u0131nda kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc de de\u011ferlendirilir. Bu sebeple yarg\u0131lama hem hukuki hem kurumsal a\u00e7\u0131dan a\u011f\u0131r bir nitelik ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ancak bu \u00f6zel yarg\u0131lama yolu, y\u00fcksek makam sahiplerine s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z koruma sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in d\u00fczenlenmez. Aksine, y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc kullananlar\u0131n hukuki sorumluluktan ka\u00e7amamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. S\u0131radan vatanda\u015f nas\u0131l hukuka ba\u011fl\u0131ysa, devletin en \u00fcst makamlar\u0131nda g\u00f6rev yapanlar da hukuka ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Fark yaln\u0131z \u015furadad\u0131r: G\u00f6revle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 fiillerin anayasal niteli\u011fi nedeniyle yarg\u0131lama, Anayasa Mahkemesinin Y\u00fcce Divan s\u0131fat\u0131yla y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00f6zel usule ba\u011flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

BM\u2019nin yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin temel ilkeleri<\/a>, yarg\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki meseleleri tarafs\u0131z bi\u00e7imde, olgulara ve hukuka dayanarak karara ba\u011flamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirtir. Y\u00fcce Divan yarg\u0131lamas\u0131 da y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00f6revlileri hakk\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclse bile ayn\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ve tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k standard\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kimler Y\u00fcce Divan kapsam\u0131nda yer al\u0131r?<\/h2>\n

Madde 97, Y\u00fcce Divan kapsam\u0131nda yer alan ki\u015fileri a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a sayar. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131, Ba\u015fbakan, y\u00fcr\u00fctme te\u015fkilat ba\u015fkanlar\u0131, y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131 organlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fkan ve \u00fcyeleri, ba\u015fsavc\u0131lar, H\u00e2kimler ve Savc\u0131lar Kurulu \u00fcyeleri ile Say\u0131\u015ftay ba\u015fkan ve \u00fcyeleri bu kapsamdad\u0131r. Bu makamlar\u0131n ortak \u00f6zelli\u011fi, anayasal sistem i\u00e7inde y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc kullanmalar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 devletin temsil makam\u0131d\u0131r. Ba\u015fbakan y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin icrai sorumlulu\u011funu ta\u015f\u0131r. Y\u00fcr\u00fctme te\u015fkilat ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 kamu hizmetlerinin \u00f6nemli alanlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netir. Y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131 mensuplar\u0131 ve ba\u015fsavc\u0131lar yarg\u0131 erkinin en \u00fcst d\u00fczeylerinde g\u00f6rev yapar. H\u00e2kimler ve Savc\u0131lar Kurulu \u00fcyeleri yarg\u0131 mesle\u011finin y\u00f6netiminde etkili olur. Say\u0131\u015ftay ba\u015fkan ve \u00fcyeleri kamu mali denetimi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan anayasal a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle Y\u00fcce Divan kapsam\u0131 makam\u0131n unvan\u0131na de\u011fil, anayasal konumuna ve kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc yo\u011funlu\u011funa dayan\u0131r. Ki\u015fi y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc kullan\u0131yorsa, g\u00f6revle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r fiilleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6zel anayasal yarg\u0131lama gerekebilir.<\/p>\n

Kapsam kanunla neden s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z geni\u015fletilemez?<\/h2>\n

Madde 97, kanunun Y\u00fcce Divan kapsam\u0131n\u0131 ancak anayasal konumu ve kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc yo\u011funlu\u011fu nedeniyle bu yarg\u0131lamay\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lan g\u00f6revlilerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olarak geni\u015fletebilece\u011fini s\u00f6yler. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, Y\u00fcce Divan\u0131n istisnai niteli\u011fini korur. Her \u00fcst d\u00fczey kamu g\u00f6revlisini veya her \u00f6nemli idari pozisyonu Y\u00fcce Divan kapsam\u0131na almak do\u011fru de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

E\u011fer kapsam a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 geni\u015fletilirse, Y\u00fcce Divan yarg\u0131lamas\u0131 ola\u011fan yarg\u0131 sistemini a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rabilir. \u00d6zel yarg\u0131lama yolu, g\u00f6revle do\u011frudan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 ve anayasal a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan makamlar i\u00e7in anlaml\u0131d\u0131r. Aksi h\u00e2lde Y\u00fcce Divan, y\u00fcksek makam sorumlulu\u011fu i\u00e7in kurulmu\u015f bir anayasal usul olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar ve geni\u015f bir \u00f6zel yarg\u0131lama alan\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Bu s\u0131n\u0131r ayn\u0131 zamanda e\u015fitlik ve do\u011fal h\u00e2kim g\u00fcvencesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u00f6nemlidir. Ki\u015fisel su\u00e7lar ve ola\u011fan ceza sorumlulu\u011fu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan genel mahkemeler g\u00f6revli olmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zel anayasal yarg\u0131lama yolu ancak ger\u00e7ekten anayasal konum ve yo\u011fun kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc gerektirdi\u011finde kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Somut delil ve gerek\u00e7eli sevk \u015fart\u0131 neyi \u00f6nler?<\/h2>\n

Y\u00fcce Divana sevk, yetkili organlarca somut delile dayanan gerek\u00e7eli kararla yap\u0131l\u0131r. Bu c\u00fcmle, Madde 97\u2019nin en kritik g\u00fcvencelerinden biridir. Y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00f6revlisi hakk\u0131nda Y\u00fcce Divan s\u00fcreci ba\u015flatmak a\u011f\u0131r bir i\u015flemdir. Bu i\u015flem, soyut iddia, siyasi tepki, kamuoyu bask\u0131s\u0131 veya genel memnuniyetsizlik \u00fczerinden ba\u015flat\u0131lamaz.<\/p>\n

Somut delil \u015fart\u0131, isnad\u0131n ger\u00e7ek olay, belge, i\u015flem, ihmal veya hukuki ba\u011flant\u0131yla desteklenmesini gerektirir. Gerek\u00e7eli karar \u015fart\u0131 ise sevk i\u015fleminin neden yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve hangi fiillerin hangi hukuki de\u011ferlendirmeyle Y\u00fcce Divan yarg\u0131lamas\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Bu g\u00fcvence, iki y\u00f6nl\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Bir yandan y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00f6revlisinin delilsiz bi\u00e7imde hedef al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler. Di\u011fer yandan ger\u00e7ekten ciddi ve somut deliller varsa, g\u00f6rev veya makam gerek\u00e7esiyle sorumluluktan ka\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 da engeller. Y\u00fcce Divan, delilsiz su\u00e7laman\u0131n de\u011fil, somut delile dayal\u0131 anayasal hesap verebilirli\u011fin yoludur.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6revle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 fiil ile ki\u015fisel su\u00e7 ayr\u0131m\u0131<\/h2>\n

Madde 97\u2019ye g\u00f6re g\u00f6revle do\u011frudan hukuki ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 bulunmayan ki\u015fisel su\u00e7lar genel mahkemelerde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, Y\u00fcce Divan yarg\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 netle\u015ftirir. Y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00f6revlisi olmak, her ki\u015fisel fiilin \u00f6zel yarg\u0131lama yoluna ta\u015f\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmez.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin bir y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00f6revlisinin g\u00f6rev yetkisiyle, kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc kullan\u0131m\u0131yla, karar alma sorumlulu\u011fuyla veya anayasal makam\u0131yla do\u011frudan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu iddia edilen fiiller Y\u00fcce Divan bak\u0131m\u0131ndan anlaml\u0131 olabilir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6revle ilgisi bulunmayan ki\u015fisel su\u00e7lar genel mahkemelerin alan\u0131na girer.<\/p>\n

Bu ayr\u0131m hem adil yarg\u0131lanma hem kamu g\u00f6revi sorumlulu\u011fu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan gereklidir. Y\u00fcce Divan, g\u00f6rev sorumlulu\u011funu yarg\u0131lar; ki\u015finin g\u00f6revden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00f6zel fiillerini otomatik olarak \u00f6zel y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131lama alan\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131maz. B\u00f6ylece \u00f6zel yarg\u0131lama yolu, makama ba\u011fl\u0131 ayr\u0131cal\u0131k de\u011fil g\u00f6revle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 anayasal sorumluluk yolu olarak kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6revin sona ermesi yarg\u0131lamay\u0131 neden engellemez?<\/h2>\n

Madde 97, g\u00f6revin sona ermesinin g\u00f6rev s\u0131ras\u0131nda i\u015flendi\u011fi iddia edilen fiiller bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Y\u00fcce Divan yarg\u0131lamas\u0131na engel olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenler. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, hesap verebilirli\u011fin g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresiyle birlikte kaybolmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler. Aksi h\u00e2lde ki\u015fi g\u00f6revden ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, g\u00f6rev d\u00f6nemindeki a\u011f\u0131r hukuki sorumluluk iddialar\u0131 \u00f6zel anayasal yarg\u0131lama alan\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilir veya etkisizle\u015febilir.<\/p>\n

Y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00f6revlisinin g\u00f6rev s\u0131ras\u0131nda kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 yetkiler, g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi bitince ge\u00e7mi\u015fte kalm\u0131\u015f olabilir; fakat bu yetkilerle ilgili hukuki sorumluluk ortadan kalkmaz. Kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc kullan\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bu sebeple de\u011ferlendirme, fiilin i\u015flendi\u011fi iddia edilen zamandaki g\u00f6rev ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu d\u00fczenleme, g\u00f6revden ayr\u0131lmay\u0131 sorumluluktan ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f yolu olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Y\u00fcce Divan, makamda oturulan g\u00fcnlerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fil, g\u00f6rev s\u0131ras\u0131nda i\u015flendi\u011fi iddia edilen fiillerle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 bir yarg\u0131lama usul\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Y\u00fcce Divan yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda masumiyet karinesi<\/h2>\n

Y\u00fcce Divan yarg\u0131lamas\u0131, kamuoyu ilgisi y\u00fcksek ve anayasal etkisi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yarg\u0131lama olabilir. Bu nedenle masumiyet karinesi \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nemlidir. Madde 97, yarg\u0131laman\u0131n masumiyet karinesi ilkesine uygun y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtir. Y\u00fcksek makamda bulunmu\u015f olmak, ki\u015fiyi otomatik olarak su\u00e7lu yapmaz. A\u011f\u0131r iddia, a\u011f\u0131r delil ve adil usul gerektirir.<\/p>\n

Masumiyet karinesi, yarg\u0131lama sonu\u00e7lanmadan ki\u015finin su\u00e7lu ilan edilmesini engeller. Yetkili organlar\u0131n sevk karar\u0131 vermesi, mahk\u00fbmiyet anlam\u0131na gelmez. Kamuoyu tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, medya dili veya kurumsal a\u00e7\u0131klamalar da yarg\u0131lama sonucunun yerine ge\u00e7emez.<\/p>\n

A\u0130HM\u2019in ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda adil yarg\u0131lanma rehberi<\/a>, masumiyet karinesi, savunma hakk\u0131, silahlar\u0131n e\u015fitli\u011fi ve aleni yarg\u0131lama gibi g\u00fcvenceleri Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin 6. maddesi ba\u011flam\u0131nda ele al\u0131r. Y\u00fcce Divan yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda da y\u00fcksek makam\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu g\u00fcvenceleri zay\u0131flatmaz; tam tersine daha dikkatli uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir.<\/p>\n

Savunma hakk\u0131 ve silahlar\u0131n e\u015fitli\u011fi nas\u0131l korunur?<\/h2>\n

Madde 97, Y\u00fcce Divan yarg\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131n savunma hakk\u0131 ve silahlar\u0131n e\u015fitli\u011fi ilkelerine uygun y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclece\u011fini d\u00fczenler. Savunma hakk\u0131, yarg\u0131lanan ki\u015finin isnad\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmesini, delillere eri\u015fmesini, cevap vermesini, tan\u0131k ve delil sunmas\u0131n\u0131, hukuki yard\u0131m almas\u0131n\u0131 ve mahkeme \u00f6n\u00fcnde etkili bi\u00e7imde kendini savunmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir.<\/p>\n

Silahlar\u0131n e\u015fitli\u011fi ise taraflardan birinin di\u011ferine g\u00f6re usul bak\u0131m\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a dezavantajl\u0131 duruma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmemesidir. Y\u00fcce Divan yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda sevk makam\u0131, iddia makam\u0131 veya kamu otoritesi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olabilir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k yarg\u0131lanan ki\u015finin de dosyaya eri\u015fim, delil tart\u0131\u015fma ve savunma imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 etkili bi\u00e7imde korunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu g\u00fcvenceler, y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00f6revlilerinin ayr\u0131cal\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fildir. Adil yarg\u0131lanman\u0131n evrensel par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc kullanan ki\u015filerin yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131 ne kadar \u00f6nemliyse, bu yarg\u0131laman\u0131n hukuka uygun y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi de o kadar \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n

Makul s\u00fcre, aleniyet ve gerek\u00e7eli karar<\/h2>\n

Y\u00fcce Divan yarg\u0131lamas\u0131 makul s\u00fcrede y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmelidir. \u00c7ok uzun s\u00fcren yarg\u0131lama hem yarg\u0131lanan ki\u015fi hem kamu d\u00fczeni hem de toplumun adalet beklentisi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zarar do\u011furur. Anayasal makamlarla ilgili yarg\u0131lamalarda belirsizli\u011fin y\u0131llarca s\u00fcrmesi, kurumlara duyulan g\u00fcveni de zedeleyebilir.<\/p>\n

Aleniyet ilkesi, yarg\u0131laman\u0131n kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k ve denetlenebilir olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Elbette baz\u0131 hassas bilgiler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan usul g\u00fcvenceleri i\u00e7inde s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir; fakat kural yarg\u0131laman\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Gerek\u00e7eli karar ise Y\u00fcce Divan\u0131n hangi delil, hangi hukuki de\u011ferlendirme ve hangi anayasal \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctle sonuca ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyar.<\/p>\n

Venedik Komisyonunun g\u00fcncellenmi\u015f hukuk devleti kontrol listesi<\/a>, hukuk devletinin kanunilik, yetkinin k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi, adalete eri\u015fim, denge-denetim ve anayasal yarg\u0131 boyutlar\u0131n\u0131 birlikte ele al\u0131r. Y\u00fcce Divan yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda makul s\u00fcre, aleniyet ve gerek\u00e7eli karar ilkeleri de bu hukuk devleti \u00e7er\u00e7evesinin somut kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Y\u00fcce Divan sisteminin g\u00fcvence haritas\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
G\u00fcvence Alan\u0131<\/th>\nMadde 97\u2019deki Anlam\u0131<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Yarg\u0131 makam\u0131<\/td>\nAnayasa Mahkemesi, Y\u00fcce Divan s\u0131fat\u0131yla yarg\u0131lama yapar.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kapsam<\/td>\nAnayasal konumu ve kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc yo\u011funlu\u011fu y\u00fcksek g\u00f6revliler kapsamdad\u0131r.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Geni\u015fletme s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131<\/td>\nKanun ancak zorunlu anayasal konum ve kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc yo\u011funlu\u011fu h\u00e2llerinde kapsam\u0131 geni\u015fletebilir.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sevk \u015fart\u0131<\/td>\nYetkili organlarca somut delile dayanan gerek\u00e7eli karar gerekir.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ki\u015fisel su\u00e7 ayr\u0131m\u0131<\/td>\nG\u00f6revle do\u011frudan ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 olmayan su\u00e7lar genel mahkemelerde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
G\u00f6rev sonras\u0131 sorumluluk<\/td>\nG\u00f6revin sona ermesi, g\u00f6rev s\u0131ras\u0131nda i\u015flendi\u011fi iddia edilen fiiller bak\u0131m\u0131ndan engel de\u011fildir.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Yarg\u0131lama ilkeleri<\/td>\nBa\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k, masumiyet, savunma, silahlar\u0131n e\u015fitli\u011fi, makul s\u00fcre, aleniyet ve gerek\u00e7e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Bu g\u00fcvence haritas\u0131, Y\u00fcce Divan\u0131n hem y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00f6revlileri i\u00e7in \u00f6zel bir hesap verebilirlik yolu oldu\u011funu hem de adil yarg\u0131lanma ilkelerinden uzakla\u015famayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7: Y\u00fcce Divan y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc i\u00e7in anayasal hesap verme yoludur<\/h2>\n

Y\u00fcce Divan, Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00f6revlilerinin g\u00f6revleriyle do\u011frudan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 fiilleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan anayasal sorumluluklar\u0131n\u0131 yarg\u0131sal g\u00fcvence alt\u0131nda de\u011ferlendiren \u00f6zel bir y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131lama yoludur. Madde 97, Anayasa Mahkemesinin Anayasada g\u00f6sterilen y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00f6revlilerini Y\u00fcce Divan s\u0131fat\u0131yla yarg\u0131layaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenler. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131, Ba\u015fbakan, y\u00fcr\u00fctme te\u015fkilat ba\u015fkanlar\u0131, y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131 organlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fkan ve \u00fcyeleri, ba\u015fsavc\u0131lar, H\u00e2kimler ve Savc\u0131lar Kurulu \u00fcyeleri ile Say\u0131\u015ftay ba\u015fkan ve \u00fcyeleri bu kapsamdad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu maddenin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc y\u00f6n\u00fc, Y\u00fcce Divan yarg\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131 hem sorumluluk hem g\u00fcvence sistemi olarak kurmas\u0131d\u0131r. Kapsam kanunla s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z geni\u015fletilemez; ancak anayasal konumu ve kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc yo\u011funlu\u011fu nedeniyle bu yarg\u0131lamay\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lan g\u00f6revliler eklenebilir. Y\u00fcce Divana sevk, yetkili organlarca somut delile dayanan gerek\u00e7eli kararla yap\u0131l\u0131r. G\u00f6revle do\u011frudan hukuki ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 bulunmayan ki\u015fisel su\u00e7lar ise genel mahkemelerde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak Madde 97, y\u00fcksek makam sahiplerinin g\u00f6revleri sona erse bile g\u00f6rev s\u0131ras\u0131nda i\u015flendi\u011fi iddia edilen fiiller bak\u0131m\u0131ndan hesap verebilirli\u011fini korur. Ancak bu hesap verebilirlik, masumiyet karinesi ve savunma hakk\u0131 zay\u0131flat\u0131larak y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclemez. Yarg\u0131lama; ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k, silahlar\u0131n e\u015fitli\u011fi, makul s\u00fcre, aleniyet ve gerek\u00e7eli karar ilkelerine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle Y\u00fcce Divan, bu anayasa modelinde y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc, g\u00f6rev sorumlulu\u011fu, somut delil, adil yarg\u0131lanma, anayasal hesap verebilirlik ve hukuki g\u00fcvence<\/strong> aras\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f \u00f6zel y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131lama mekanizmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Y\u00fcce Divan, devletin en y\u00fcksek makamlar\u0131nda g\u00f6rev yapan kamu g\u00f6revlilerinin, g\u00f6revleriyle do\u011frudan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r hukuki sorumluluklar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131radan bir yarg\u0131lama anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla de\u011fil, anayasal a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan \u00f6zel bir y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131lama usul\u00fcyle de\u011ferlendirilmesini sa\u011flayan temel kurumdur. Bir \u00fclkede Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131, Ba\u015fbakan, y\u00fcr\u00fctme te\u015fkilat ba\u015fkanlar\u0131, y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131 organlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fkan ve \u00fcyeleri, ba\u015fsavc\u0131lar, H\u00e2kimler ve Savc\u0131lar Kurulu \u00fcyeleri veya Say\u0131\u015ftay ba\u015fkan ve \u00fcyeleri gibi makamlar b\u00fcy\u00fck kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc kullan\u0131r. Bu kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a hesap verebilirlik ihtiyac\u0131 da artar. Ancak hesap verebilirlik, aceleci su\u00e7lama, siyasi hesapla\u015fma veya delilsiz yarg\u0131lama anlam\u0131na gelmez. Y\u00fcce Divan, y\u00fcksek makam sorumlulu\u011fu ile adil yarg\u0131lanma g\u00fcvenceleri aras\u0131nda kurulan anayasal denge mekanizmas\u0131d\u0131r. Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde Madde 97, Anayasa Mahkemesinin Anayasada g\u00f6sterilen y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00f6revlilerini Y\u00fcce Divan s\u0131fat\u0131yla yarg\u0131layaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenler. Bu tercih, Y\u00fcce Divan yarg\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131n ola\u011fan ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131ndan tamamen kopuk bir ayr\u0131cal\u0131k alan\u0131 oldu\u011funu de\u011fil, g\u00f6revle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r kamu sorumlulu\u011funun anayasal uzmanl\u0131k ve y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131 ciddiyeti i\u00e7inde ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. Burada ama\u00e7 y\u00fcksek g\u00f6revlileri korumak de\u011fil; g\u00f6revlerinin niteli\u011fi, anayasal konumlar\u0131 ve kulland\u0131klar\u0131 kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc yo\u011funlu\u011fu nedeniyle yarg\u0131lamay\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z, tarafs\u0131z ve y\u00fcksek anayasal standartlara ba\u011fl\u0131 bir \u00e7er\u00e7evede y\u00fcr\u00fctmektir. Madde 97\u2019nin en \u00f6nemli taraf\u0131, Y\u00fcce Divan kapsam\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z b\u0131rakmamas\u0131d\u0131r. Kanun bu kapsam\u0131 ancak anayasal konumu ve kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc yo\u011funlu\u011fu nedeniyle bu yarg\u0131lamay\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lan g\u00f6revlilerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olarak geni\u015fletebilir. Ayr\u0131ca g\u00f6revle do\u011frudan hukuki ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 bulunmayan ki\u015fisel su\u00e7lar genel mahkemelerde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. B\u00f6ylece Y\u00fcce Divan, ne y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00f6revlileri i\u00e7in dokunulmazl\u0131k z\u0131rh\u0131 ne de her ki\u015fisel fiili \u00f6zel y\u00fcksek mahkeme alan\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131yan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz bir ayr\u0131cal\u0131k yoludur. Madde 97 \u2013 Anayasa Mahkemesinin Y\u00fcce Divan S\u0131fat\u0131yla Yarg\u0131lama Yapmas\u0131 Anayasa Mahkemesi, Anayasada g\u00f6sterilen y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00f6revlilerini Y\u00fcce Divan s\u0131fat\u0131yla yarg\u0131lar. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131, Ba\u015fbakan, y\u00fcr\u00fctme te\u015fkilat ba\u015fkanlar\u0131, y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131 organlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fkan ve \u00fcyeleri, ba\u015fsavc\u0131lar, H\u00e2kimler ve Savc\u0131lar Kurulu \u00fcyeleri ile Say\u0131\u015ftay ba\u015fkan ve \u00fcyeleri bu kapsamdad\u0131r. Kanun, Y\u00fcce Divan kapsam\u0131n\u0131 ancak anayasal konumu ve kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc yo\u011funlu\u011fu nedeniyle bu yarg\u0131lamay\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lan g\u00f6revlilerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olarak geni\u015fletebilir. Y\u00fcce Divana sevk, yetkili organlarca somut delile dayanan gerek\u00e7eli kararla yap\u0131l\u0131r. G\u00f6revle do\u011frudan hukuki ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 bulunmayan ki\u015fisel su\u00e7lar genel mahkemelerde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. G\u00f6revin sona ermesi, g\u00f6rev s\u0131ras\u0131nda i\u015flendi\u011fi iddia edilen fiiller bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Y\u00fcce Divan yarg\u0131lamas\u0131na engel de\u011fildir. Yarg\u0131lama; ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k, masumiyet karinesi, savunma hakk\u0131, silahlar\u0131n e\u015fitli\u011fi, makul s\u00fcre, aleniyet ve gerek\u00e7eli karar ilkelerine uygun y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr. Y\u00fcce Divan neden \u00f6zel bir anayasal yarg\u0131lama yoludur? Y\u00fcce Divan, y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00f6revlilerinin g\u00f6revleriyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 fiillerinin s\u0131radan bir idari veya siyasi de\u011ferlendirme gibi ele al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller. Burada yarg\u0131lanan yaln\u0131z bir ki\u015fi de\u011fildir; \u00e7o\u011fu zaman devletin en \u00fcst anayasal makamlar\u0131ndan birinin g\u00f6rev s\u0131ras\u0131nda kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc de de\u011ferlendirilir. Bu sebeple yarg\u0131lama hem hukuki hem kurumsal a\u00e7\u0131dan a\u011f\u0131r bir nitelik ta\u015f\u0131r. Ancak bu \u00f6zel yarg\u0131lama yolu, y\u00fcksek makam sahiplerine s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z koruma sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in d\u00fczenlenmez. Aksine, y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc kullananlar\u0131n hukuki sorumluluktan ka\u00e7amamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. S\u0131radan vatanda\u015f nas\u0131l hukuka ba\u011fl\u0131ysa, devletin en \u00fcst makamlar\u0131nda g\u00f6rev yapanlar da hukuka ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Fark yaln\u0131z \u015furadad\u0131r: G\u00f6revle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 fiillerin anayasal niteli\u011fi nedeniyle yarg\u0131lama, Anayasa Mahkemesinin Y\u00fcce Divan s\u0131fat\u0131yla y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00f6zel usule ba\u011flan\u0131r. BM\u2019nin yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin temel ilkeleri, yarg\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki meseleleri tarafs\u0131z bi\u00e7imde, olgulara ve hukuka dayanarak karara ba\u011flamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirtir. Y\u00fcce Divan yarg\u0131lamas\u0131 da y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00f6revlileri hakk\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclse bile ayn\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ve tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k standard\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kimler Y\u00fcce Divan kapsam\u0131nda yer al\u0131r? Madde 97, Y\u00fcce Divan kapsam\u0131nda yer alan ki\u015fileri a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a sayar. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131, Ba\u015fbakan, y\u00fcr\u00fctme te\u015fkilat ba\u015fkanlar\u0131, y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131 organlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fkan ve \u00fcyeleri, ba\u015fsavc\u0131lar, H\u00e2kimler ve Savc\u0131lar Kurulu \u00fcyeleri ile Say\u0131\u015ftay ba\u015fkan ve \u00fcyeleri bu kapsamdad\u0131r. Bu makamlar\u0131n ortak \u00f6zelli\u011fi, anayasal sistem i\u00e7inde y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc kullanmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 devletin temsil makam\u0131d\u0131r. Ba\u015fbakan y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin icrai sorumlulu\u011funu ta\u015f\u0131r. Y\u00fcr\u00fctme te\u015fkilat ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 kamu hizmetlerinin \u00f6nemli alanlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netir. Y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131 mensuplar\u0131 ve ba\u015fsavc\u0131lar yarg\u0131 erkinin en \u00fcst d\u00fczeylerinde g\u00f6rev yapar. H\u00e2kimler ve Savc\u0131lar Kurulu \u00fcyeleri yarg\u0131 mesle\u011finin y\u00f6netiminde etkili olur. Say\u0131\u015ftay ba\u015fkan ve \u00fcyeleri kamu mali denetimi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan anayasal a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k ta\u015f\u0131r. Bu nedenle Y\u00fcce Divan kapsam\u0131 makam\u0131n unvan\u0131na de\u011fil, anayasal konumuna ve kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc yo\u011funlu\u011funa dayan\u0131r. Ki\u015fi y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc kullan\u0131yorsa, g\u00f6revle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r fiilleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6zel anayasal yarg\u0131lama gerekebilir. Kapsam kanunla neden s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z geni\u015fletilemez? Madde 97, kanunun Y\u00fcce Divan kapsam\u0131n\u0131 ancak anayasal konumu ve kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc yo\u011funlu\u011fu nedeniyle bu yarg\u0131lamay\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lan g\u00f6revlilerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olarak geni\u015fletebilece\u011fini s\u00f6yler. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, Y\u00fcce Divan\u0131n istisnai niteli\u011fini korur. Her \u00fcst d\u00fczey kamu g\u00f6revlisini veya her \u00f6nemli idari pozisyonu Y\u00fcce Divan kapsam\u0131na almak do\u011fru de\u011fildir. E\u011fer kapsam a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 geni\u015fletilirse, Y\u00fcce Divan yarg\u0131lamas\u0131 ola\u011fan yarg\u0131 sistemini a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rabilir. \u00d6zel yarg\u0131lama yolu, g\u00f6revle do\u011frudan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 ve anayasal a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan makamlar i\u00e7in anlaml\u0131d\u0131r. Aksi h\u00e2lde Y\u00fcce Divan, y\u00fcksek makam sorumlulu\u011fu i\u00e7in kurulmu\u015f bir anayasal usul olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar ve geni\u015f bir \u00f6zel yarg\u0131lama alan\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Bu s\u0131n\u0131r ayn\u0131 zamanda e\u015fitlik ve do\u011fal h\u00e2kim g\u00fcvencesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u00f6nemlidir. Ki\u015fisel su\u00e7lar ve ola\u011fan ceza sorumlulu\u011fu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan genel mahkemeler g\u00f6revli olmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zel anayasal yarg\u0131lama yolu ancak ger\u00e7ekten anayasal konum ve yo\u011fun kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc gerektirdi\u011finde kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Somut delil ve gerek\u00e7eli sevk \u015fart\u0131 neyi \u00f6nler? Y\u00fcce Divana sevk, yetkili organlarca somut delile dayanan gerek\u00e7eli kararla yap\u0131l\u0131r. Bu c\u00fcmle, Madde 97\u2019nin en kritik g\u00fcvencelerinden biridir. Y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00f6revlisi hakk\u0131nda Y\u00fcce Divan s\u00fcreci ba\u015flatmak a\u011f\u0131r bir i\u015flemdir. Bu i\u015flem, soyut iddia, siyasi tepki, kamuoyu bask\u0131s\u0131 veya genel memnuniyetsizlik \u00fczerinden ba\u015flat\u0131lamaz. Somut delil \u015fart\u0131, isnad\u0131n ger\u00e7ek olay, belge, i\u015flem, ihmal veya hukuki ba\u011flant\u0131yla desteklenmesini gerektirir. Gerek\u00e7eli karar \u015fart\u0131 ise sevk i\u015fleminin neden yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve hangi fiillerin hangi hukuki de\u011ferlendirmeyle Y\u00fcce Divan yarg\u0131lamas\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lar. Bu g\u00fcvence, iki y\u00f6nl\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Bir yandan y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00f6revlisinin delilsiz bi\u00e7imde hedef al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler. Di\u011fer yandan ger\u00e7ekten ciddi ve somut deliller varsa, g\u00f6rev veya makam gerek\u00e7esiyle sorumluluktan ka\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 da engeller. Y\u00fcce Divan, delilsiz su\u00e7laman\u0131n de\u011fil, somut delile dayal\u0131 anayasal hesap verebilirli\u011fin yoludur. G\u00f6revle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 fiil ile ki\u015fisel su\u00e7 ayr\u0131m\u0131 Madde 97\u2019ye g\u00f6re g\u00f6revle do\u011frudan hukuki ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 bulunmayan ki\u015fisel su\u00e7lar genel mahkemelerde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, Y\u00fcce Divan yarg\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 netle\u015ftirir. Y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00f6revlisi olmak, her ki\u015fisel fiilin \u00f6zel yarg\u0131lama yoluna ta\u015f\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmez. \u00d6rne\u011fin bir y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00f6revlisinin g\u00f6rev yetkisiyle, kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc kullan\u0131m\u0131yla, karar alma sorumlulu\u011fuyla veya anayasal makam\u0131yla do\u011frudan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu iddia edilen fiiller Y\u00fcce Divan bak\u0131m\u0131ndan anlaml\u0131 olabilir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6revle ilgisi bulunmayan ki\u015fisel su\u00e7lar genel mahkemelerin alan\u0131na girer. Bu ayr\u0131m hem adil yarg\u0131lanma hem kamu g\u00f6revi sorumlulu\u011fu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan gereklidir. Y\u00fcce Divan, g\u00f6rev sorumlulu\u011funu yarg\u0131lar; ki\u015finin g\u00f6revden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00f6zel fiillerini otomatik olarak \u00f6zel y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131lama alan\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131maz. B\u00f6ylece \u00f6zel yarg\u0131lama yolu, makama ba\u011fl\u0131 ayr\u0131cal\u0131k de\u011fil g\u00f6revle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 anayasal sorumluluk yolu olarak kal\u0131r. G\u00f6revin sona ermesi yarg\u0131lamay\u0131 neden engellemez? Madde 97, g\u00f6revin sona ermesinin g\u00f6rev s\u0131ras\u0131nda i\u015flendi\u011fi iddia edilen fiiller bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Y\u00fcce Divan yarg\u0131lamas\u0131na engel olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenler. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, hesap verebilirli\u011fin g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresiyle birlikte kaybolmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler. Aksi h\u00e2lde ki\u015fi g\u00f6revden ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, g\u00f6rev d\u00f6nemindeki a\u011f\u0131r hukuki sorumluluk iddialar\u0131 \u00f6zel anayasal yarg\u0131lama alan\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilir veya etkisizle\u015febilir. Y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00f6revlisinin g\u00f6rev s\u0131ras\u0131nda kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 yetkiler, g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi bitince ge\u00e7mi\u015fte kalm\u0131\u015f olabilir; fakat bu yetkilerle ilgili hukuki sorumluluk ortadan kalkmaz. Kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc kullan\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bu sebeple de\u011ferlendirme, fiilin i\u015flendi\u011fi iddia edilen zamandaki g\u00f6rev ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu d\u00fczenleme, g\u00f6revden ayr\u0131lmay\u0131 sorumluluktan ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f yolu olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Y\u00fcce Divan, makamda oturulan g\u00fcnlerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fil, g\u00f6rev s\u0131ras\u0131nda i\u015flendi\u011fi iddia edilen fiillerle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 bir yarg\u0131lama usul\u00fcd\u00fcr. Y\u00fcce Divan yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda masumiyet karinesi Y\u00fcce Divan yarg\u0131lamas\u0131, kamuoyu ilgisi y\u00fcksek ve anayasal etkisi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yarg\u0131lama olabilir. Bu nedenle masumiyet karinesi \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nemlidir. Madde 97, yarg\u0131laman\u0131n masumiyet karinesi ilkesine uygun y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtir. Y\u00fcksek makamda bulunmu\u015f olmak, ki\u015fiyi otomatik olarak su\u00e7lu yapmaz. A\u011f\u0131r iddia, a\u011f\u0131r delil ve adil usul gerektirir. Masumiyet karinesi, yarg\u0131lama sonu\u00e7lanmadan ki\u015finin su\u00e7lu ilan edilmesini engeller. Yetkili organlar\u0131n sevk karar\u0131 vermesi, mahk\u00fbmiyet anlam\u0131na gelmez. Kamuoyu tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, medya dili veya kurumsal a\u00e7\u0131klamalar da yarg\u0131lama sonucunun yerine ge\u00e7emez. A\u0130HM\u2019in ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda adil yarg\u0131lanma rehberi, masumiyet karinesi, savunma hakk\u0131, silahlar\u0131n e\u015fitli\u011fi ve aleni yarg\u0131lama gibi g\u00fcvenceleri Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin 6. maddesi ba\u011flam\u0131nda ele al\u0131r. Y\u00fcce Divan yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda da y\u00fcksek makam\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu g\u00fcvenceleri zay\u0131flatmaz; tam tersine daha dikkatli uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir. Savunma hakk\u0131 ve silahlar\u0131n e\u015fitli\u011fi nas\u0131l korunur? Madde 97, Y\u00fcce Divan yarg\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131n savunma hakk\u0131 ve silahlar\u0131n e\u015fitli\u011fi ilkelerine uygun y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclece\u011fini d\u00fczenler. Savunma hakk\u0131, yarg\u0131lanan ki\u015finin isnad\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmesini, delillere eri\u015fmesini, cevap vermesini, tan\u0131k ve delil sunmas\u0131n\u0131, hukuki yard\u0131m almas\u0131n\u0131 ve mahkeme \u00f6n\u00fcnde etkili bi\u00e7imde kendini savunmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir. Silahlar\u0131n e\u015fitli\u011fi ise taraflardan birinin di\u011ferine g\u00f6re usul bak\u0131m\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a dezavantajl\u0131 duruma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmemesidir. Y\u00fcce Divan yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda sevk makam\u0131, iddia makam\u0131 veya kamu otoritesi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olabilir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k yarg\u0131lanan ki\u015finin de dosyaya eri\u015fim, delil tart\u0131\u015fma ve savunma imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 etkili bi\u00e7imde korunmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu g\u00fcvenceler, y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00f6revlilerinin ayr\u0131cal\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fildir. Adil yarg\u0131lanman\u0131n evrensel par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc kullanan ki\u015filerin yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131 ne kadar \u00f6nemliyse, bu yarg\u0131laman\u0131n hukuka uygun y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi de o kadar \u00f6nemlidir. Makul s\u00fcre, aleniyet ve gerek\u00e7eli karar Y\u00fcce Divan yarg\u0131lamas\u0131 makul s\u00fcrede y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmelidir. \u00c7ok uzun s\u00fcren yarg\u0131lama hem yarg\u0131lanan ki\u015fi hem kamu d\u00fczeni hem de toplumun adalet beklentisi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zarar do\u011furur. Anayasal makamlarla ilgili yarg\u0131lamalarda belirsizli\u011fin y\u0131llarca s\u00fcrmesi, kurumlara duyulan g\u00fcveni de zedeleyebilir. Aleniyet ilkesi, yarg\u0131laman\u0131n kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k ve denetlenebilir olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Elbette baz\u0131 hassas bilgiler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan usul g\u00fcvenceleri i\u00e7inde s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir; fakat kural yarg\u0131laman\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Gerek\u00e7eli karar ise Y\u00fcce Divan\u0131n hangi delil, hangi hukuki de\u011ferlendirme ve hangi anayasal \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctle sonuca ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyar. Venedik Komisyonunun g\u00fcncellenmi\u015f hukuk devleti kontrol listesi, hukuk devletinin kanunilik, yetkinin k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi, adalete eri\u015fim, denge-denetim ve anayasal yarg\u0131 boyutlar\u0131n\u0131 birlikte ele al\u0131r. Y\u00fcce Divan yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda makul s\u00fcre, aleniyet ve gerek\u00e7eli karar ilkeleri de bu hukuk devleti \u00e7er\u00e7evesinin somut kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Y\u00fcce Divan sisteminin g\u00fcvence haritas\u0131 G\u00fcvence Alan\u0131 Madde 97\u2019deki Anlam\u0131 Yarg\u0131 makam\u0131 Anayasa Mahkemesi, Y\u00fcce Divan s\u0131fat\u0131yla yarg\u0131lama yapar. Kapsam Anayasal konumu ve kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc yo\u011funlu\u011fu y\u00fcksek g\u00f6revliler kapsamdad\u0131r. Geni\u015fletme s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 Kanun ancak zorunlu anayasal konum ve kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc yo\u011funlu\u011fu h\u00e2llerinde kapsam\u0131 geni\u015fletebilir. Sevk \u015fart\u0131 Yetkili organlarca somut delile dayanan gerek\u00e7eli karar gerekir. Ki\u015fisel su\u00e7 ayr\u0131m\u0131 G\u00f6revle do\u011frudan ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 olmayan su\u00e7lar genel mahkemelerde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. G\u00f6rev sonras\u0131 sorumluluk G\u00f6revin sona ermesi, g\u00f6rev s\u0131ras\u0131nda i\u015flendi\u011fi iddia edilen fiiller bak\u0131m\u0131ndan engel de\u011fildir. Yarg\u0131lama ilkeleri Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k, masumiyet, savunma, silahlar\u0131n e\u015fitli\u011fi, makul s\u00fcre, aleniyet ve gerek\u00e7e Bu g\u00fcvence haritas\u0131, Y\u00fcce Divan\u0131n hem y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00f6revlileri i\u00e7in \u00f6zel bir hesap verebilirlik yolu oldu\u011funu hem de adil yarg\u0131lanma ilkelerinden uzakla\u015famayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Sonu\u00e7: Y\u00fcce Divan y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc i\u00e7in anayasal hesap verme yoludur Y\u00fcce Divan, Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00f6revlilerinin g\u00f6revleriyle do\u011frudan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 fiilleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan anayasal sorumluluklar\u0131n\u0131 yarg\u0131sal g\u00fcvence alt\u0131nda de\u011ferlendiren \u00f6zel bir y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131lama yoludur. Madde 97, Anayasa Mahkemesinin Anayasada g\u00f6sterilen y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00f6revlilerini Y\u00fcce Divan s\u0131fat\u0131yla yarg\u0131layaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenler. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131, Ba\u015fbakan, y\u00fcr\u00fctme te\u015fkilat ba\u015fkanlar\u0131, y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131 organlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fkan ve \u00fcyeleri, ba\u015fsavc\u0131lar, H\u00e2kimler ve Savc\u0131lar Kurulu \u00fcyeleri ile Say\u0131\u015ftay ba\u015fkan ve \u00fcyeleri bu kapsamdad\u0131r. Bu maddenin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc y\u00f6n\u00fc, Y\u00fcce Divan yarg\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131 hem sorumluluk hem g\u00fcvence sistemi olarak kurmas\u0131d\u0131r. Kapsam kanunla s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z geni\u015fletilemez; ancak anayasal konumu ve kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc yo\u011funlu\u011fu nedeniyle bu yarg\u0131lamay\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lan g\u00f6revliler eklenebilir. Y\u00fcce Divana sevk, yetkili organlarca somut delile dayanan gerek\u00e7eli kararla yap\u0131l\u0131r. G\u00f6revle do\u011frudan hukuki ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 bulunmayan ki\u015fisel su\u00e7lar ise genel mahkemelerde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Sonu\u00e7 olarak Madde 97, y\u00fcksek makam sahiplerinin g\u00f6revleri sona erse bile g\u00f6rev s\u0131ras\u0131nda i\u015flendi\u011fi iddia edilen fiiller bak\u0131m\u0131ndan hesap verebilirli\u011fini korur. Ancak bu hesap verebilirlik, masumiyet karinesi ve savunma hakk\u0131 zay\u0131flat\u0131larak y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclemez. Yarg\u0131lama; ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k, silahlar\u0131n e\u015fitli\u011fi, makul s\u00fcre, aleniyet ve gerek\u00e7eli karar ilkelerine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle Y\u00fcce Divan, bu anayasa modelinde y\u00fcksek kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc, g\u00f6rev sorumlulu\u011fu, somut delil, adil yarg\u0131lanma, anayasal hesap verebilirlik ve hukuki g\u00fcvence aras\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f \u00f6zel y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131lama mekanizmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":363,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-362","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-yargi-ve-anayasal-denetim"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/362","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=362"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/362\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":364,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/362\/revisions\/364"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/363"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=362"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=362"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=362"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}