{"id":353,"date":"2026-06-19T08:28:20","date_gmt":"2026-06-19T08:28:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/?p=353"},"modified":"2026-06-19T08:28:20","modified_gmt":"2026-06-19T08:28:20","slug":"anayasa-mahkemesi-madde-94","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/anayasa-mahkemesi-madde-94\/","title":{"rendered":"Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131\u2019nda Anayasa Mahkemesi (Madde 94)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Anayasa Mahkemesi<\/strong>, anayasal d\u00fczenin en \u00fcst koruma makamlar\u0131ndan biridir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc yaln\u0131z kanunlar\u0131n teknik denetimini yapan bir y\u00fcksek mahkeme de\u011fil, Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, temel haklar\u0131, kuvvetler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve anayasal kurumlar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 koruyan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z yarg\u0131 merkezidir. Bir devlette Anayasa en \u00fcst norm olarak kabul ediliyorsa, bu \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn yaln\u0131z metinde kalmamas\u0131 gerekir. Kanunlar, y\u00fcr\u00fctme i\u015flemleri, kurumlar aras\u0131 yetki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve anayasal s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n ihlali kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda etkili bir denetim makam\u0131 bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle Anayasa Mahkemesi, hukuk devletinin yaln\u0131z teorik de\u011fil, uygulanabilir olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan temel g\u00fcvence kurumudur.<\/p>\n

Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131<\/a> i\u00e7inde Madde 94, Anayasa Mahkemesini Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, haklar\u0131 ve anayasal d\u00fczeni koruyan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z y\u00fcksek mahkeme olarak tan\u0131mlar. Mahkeme on be\u015f \u00fcyeden olu\u015fur; \u00fcyelerin g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi on iki y\u0131ld\u0131r ve yeniden \u00fcyelik yoktur. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 unsur birlikte d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, Anayasa Mahkemesi hem kurumsal kapasiteye hem s\u00fcreklili\u011fe hem de d\u00f6nemsel hesaplardan ar\u0131nm\u0131\u015f \u00fcyelik yap\u0131s\u0131na sahip olacak \u015fekilde d\u00fczenlenir.<\/p>\n

Madde 94\u2019\u00fcn temel amac\u0131, Anayasa Mahkemesinin herhangi bir organ, makam, parti, y\u00fcr\u00fctme \u00e7evresi, kapal\u0131 kontenjan veya d\u00f6nemsel \u00e7o\u011funluk taraf\u0131ndan tek ba\u015f\u0131na ele ge\u00e7irilmesini \u00f6nlemektir. Bunun i\u00e7in \u00fcyeler y\u00fcksek mesleki yeterlik, d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k ve kamu g\u00fcveni \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan hukuk\u00e7ular aras\u0131ndan; y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131, h\u00e2kimlik-savc\u0131l\u0131k, hukuk fak\u00fclteleri, barolar, kamu hukuku, insan haklar\u0131, anayasal denetim ve kamu denetimi kaynaklar\u0131ndan \u00e7o\u011fulcu dengeyle belirlenir. B\u00f6ylece Anayasa Mahkemesi, tek merkezli atama g\u00fcc\u00fcne de\u011fil, \u00e7o\u011fulcu hukuk birikimine<\/strong> dayanan anayasal koruma organ\u0131 h\u00e2line gelir.<\/p>\n

Madde 94 \u2013 Anayasa Mahkemesinin Kurulu\u015fu, \u00dcyeleri, \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve G\u00fcvenceleri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Anayasa Mahkemesi, Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, haklar\u0131 ve anayasal d\u00fczeni koruyan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z y\u00fcksek mahkemedir. Mahkeme on be\u015f (15) \u00fcyeden olu\u015fur; \u00fcyelerin s\u00fcresi on iki (12) y\u0131ld\u0131r ve yeniden \u00fcyelik yoktur.<\/p>\n

\u00dcyeler y\u00fcksek mesleki yeterlik, d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k ve kamu g\u00fcveni \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan hukuk\u00e7ular aras\u0131ndan; y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131, h\u00e2kimlik-savc\u0131l\u0131k, hukuk fak\u00fclteleri, barolar, kamu hukuku, insan haklar\u0131, anayasal denetim ve kamu denetimi kaynaklar\u0131ndan \u00e7o\u011fulcu dengeyle belirlenir.<\/p>\n

\u00dcyeliklerde 56. maddedeki objektif liyakat havuzu, a\u00e7\u0131k yeterlik, tarafs\u0131z kura, itiraz ve denetlenebilirlik g\u00fcvenceleri uygulan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Aday havuzu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctleri \u00e7o\u011fulculu\u011fu daraltamaz veya d\u00f6nemsel \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fa fiil\u00ee belirleme yetkisi veremez; Mahkemenin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, karar kapasitesi, aday havuzu ve kura g\u00fcvenceleri 119. maddeye g\u00f6re korunur.<\/p>\n

\u00dcyelikler kademeli yenilenir; bo\u015falan \u00fcyelik ayn\u0131 kaynak ve usulle kalan s\u00fcre i\u00e7in tamamlan\u0131r. Ba\u015fkan ve ba\u015fkanvekilleri \u00fcyeler aras\u0131ndan gizli oyla ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 s\u00fcre i\u00e7in se\u00e7ilir.<\/p>\n

Mahkemenin b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri, ba\u015fkanl\u0131k yap\u0131s\u0131, bo\u015falma, kademeli yenilenme, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma usul\u00fc, raport\u00f6rl\u00fck, b\u00fct\u00e7e, idari te\u015fkilat, g\u00f6rev ve karar usulleri; ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k, hak koruma g\u00f6revi, karar kapasitesi ve 56 ile 119. madde g\u00fcvenceleri korunarak kanunla d\u00fczenlenir.<\/p>\n

Anayasa Mahkemesi Genel Kurulu, \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n asgari \u00fc\u00e7te ikisiyle toplan\u0131r ve kat\u0131lanlar\u0131n salt \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fuyla karar verir. \u0130ptal, parti kapatma ve Y\u00fcce Divan kararlar\u0131 i\u00e7in daha y\u00fcksek \u00e7o\u011funluk kanunla, \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n salt \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fundan az ve \u00fc\u00e7te ikisinden \u00e7ok olmayacak bi\u00e7imde belirlenebilir; karar g\u00fcc\u00fc kilitlenemez.<\/p>\n

Hi\u00e7bir organ, makam, parti, y\u00fcr\u00fctme \u00e7evresi, kapal\u0131 kontenjan veya d\u00f6nemsel \u00e7o\u011funluk Mahkeme \u00fcyeliklerinde tek ba\u015f\u0131na h\u00e2kimiyet kuramaz; g\u00f6revdeki \u00fcyeleri hedef alan veya 119. madde g\u00fcvencelerini zay\u0131flatan de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131lamaz.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Anayasa Mahkemesi neden yaln\u0131z bir mahkeme de\u011fildir?<\/h2>\n

Anayasa Mahkemesi, s\u0131radan uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zen bir derece mahkemesi gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmemelidir. Bu mahkemenin g\u00f6revi, Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve anayasal d\u00fczenin temel dengesini korumakt\u0131r. Kanun koyucu bir d\u00fczenleme yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, y\u00fcr\u00fctme anayasal s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 zorlad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda veya temel haklar anayasal d\u00fczeyde korunmaya ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011funda Anayasa Mahkemesi devreye girer.<\/p>\n

Bu y\u00fczden Anayasa Mahkemesi, hukuk devletinin \u201cson g\u00fcvence noktalar\u0131ndan\u201d biridir. Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yaln\u0131z siyasal ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131kla korunamaz. Kurumlar\u0131n yetki s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fmas\u0131, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun haklar\u0131 zay\u0131flatmas\u0131 veya anayasal g\u00fcvencelerin teknik d\u00fczenlemelerle etkisizle\u015ftirilmesi ihtimaline kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z anayasa yarg\u0131s\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n

Venedik Komisyonu\u2019nun anayasa mahkemelerinin kompozisyonuna ili\u015fkin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131<\/a>, anayasa mahkemelerinin yap\u0131s\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve dengeyi sa\u011flayacak tekniklerin \u00f6nemini kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 olarak ele al\u0131r. Madde 94\u2019\u00fcn \u00e7o\u011fulcu kaynak dengesi de ayn\u0131 soruna cevap verir: Anayasa Mahkemesi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olacak, fakat belirli bir g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7evresinin mahkemesi h\u00e2line gelmeyecektir.<\/p>\n

On be\u015f \u00fcye ve on iki y\u0131ll\u0131k tek d\u00f6nem ne sa\u011flar?<\/h2>\n

Madde 94, Anayasa Mahkemesinin on be\u015f \u00fcyeden olu\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00fcyelerin s\u00fcresinin on iki y\u0131l olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. On be\u015f \u00fcyeli yap\u0131, mahkemenin karar kapasitesini ve \u00e7o\u011fulcu tart\u0131\u015fma imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir. \u00c7ok dar \u00fcye say\u0131s\u0131, mahkemenin birka\u00e7 ki\u015finin hukuk anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na s\u0131k\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilir. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 geni\u015f yap\u0131 ise karar alma verimlili\u011fini zay\u0131flatabilir. On be\u015f \u00fcyeli model, kapasite ile y\u00f6netilebilirlik aras\u0131nda denge kurar.<\/p>\n

On iki y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre, anayasa yarg\u0131s\u0131nda k\u0131sa d\u00f6nemli bask\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fcvence sa\u011flar. Anayasa Mahkemesi \u00fcyeleri, g\u00fcnl\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funluk de\u011fi\u015fimlerine g\u00f6re de\u011fil, uzun vadeli anayasal sorumlulukla hareket etmelidir. Ancak s\u00fcrenin s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z olmamas\u0131 da \u00f6nemlidir. S\u00fcreli \u00fcyelik, mahkemenin yenilenmesini ve hukuk birikiminin zaman i\u00e7inde tazelenmesini sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

Yeniden \u00fcyelik yasa\u011f\u0131 ise ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6zellikle de\u011ferlidir. \u00dcye, g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresinin sonunda yeniden se\u00e7ilme beklentisi ta\u015f\u0131mayaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kendisini yeniden belirleyebilecek \u00e7evrelere g\u00f6re karar verme bask\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda kalmaz. B\u00f6ylece Anayasa Mahkemesi \u00fcyeli\u011fi, kariyer hesab\u0131 de\u011fil anayasal g\u00f6rev bilinciyle y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\u00dcyelik kaynaklar\u0131nda \u00e7o\u011fulcu denge neden gereklidir?<\/h2>\n

Madde 94, \u00fcyelerin y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131, h\u00e2kimlik-savc\u0131l\u0131k, hukuk fak\u00fclteleri, barolar, kamu hukuku, insan haklar\u0131, anayasal denetim ve kamu denetimi kaynaklar\u0131ndan \u00e7o\u011fulcu dengeyle belirlenmesini \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcr. Bu tercih, Anayasa Mahkemesinin yaln\u0131z tek meslek \u00e7evresinin veya tek hukuk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn etkisine b\u0131rak\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

Y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131 i\u00e7tihat tecr\u00fcbesi getirir. H\u00e2kimlik ve savc\u0131l\u0131k mesle\u011fi yarg\u0131lama prati\u011fini temsil eder. Hukuk fak\u00fclteleri teorik ve akademik derinlik sa\u011flar. Barolar savunma hakk\u0131 ve vatanda\u015fla temas boyutunu ta\u015f\u0131r. Kamu hukuku, insan haklar\u0131, anayasal denetim ve kamu denetimi alanlar\u0131 ise Anayasa Mahkemesinin temel g\u00f6rev alanlar\u0131na do\u011frudan uzmanl\u0131k kazand\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

International IDEA\u2019n\u0131n anayasa mahkemesi atama mekanizmalar\u0131na ili\u015fkin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131<\/a>, anayasa mahkemesi \u00fcyelerinin belirlenmesinde yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile demokratik hesap verebilirlik aras\u0131ndaki dengenin nas\u0131l kurulabilece\u011fini inceler. Madde 94\u2019teki \u00e7o\u011fulcu kaynak dengesi de mahkemeyi hem hukuk\u00ee yeterli\u011fe hem kamu g\u00fcvenine dayand\u0131rmak ister.<\/p>\n

Liyakat havuzu ve tarafs\u0131z kura anayasa yarg\u0131s\u0131nda nas\u0131l i\u015fler?<\/h2>\n

Anayasa Mahkemesi \u00fcyeli\u011fi, yaln\u0131z y\u00fcksek unvanla veya kapal\u0131 tavsiye mekanizmas\u0131yla belirlenemez. Madde 94, \u00fcyeliklerde 56. maddedeki objektif liyakat havuzu, a\u00e7\u0131k yeterlik, tarafs\u0131z kura, itiraz ve denetlenebilirlik g\u00fcvencelerinin uygulanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Bu y\u00f6ntem, \u00fcyelik s\u00fcrecini ki\u015fisel ili\u015fki, kapal\u0131 kontenjan veya d\u00f6nemsel \u00e7o\u011funluk hesab\u0131ndan uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lar.<\/p>\n

Objektif liyakat havuzu, \u00f6ncelikle kimlerin Anayasa Mahkemesi \u00fcyeli\u011fine aday olabilece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k ve denetlenebilir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlere ba\u011flar. A\u00e7\u0131k yeterlik, adaylar\u0131n hangi mesleki tecr\u00fcbe, d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k ve kamu g\u00fcveni \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr k\u0131lar. Tarafs\u0131z kura ise yeterlik denetiminden sonra, say\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 a\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda devreye giren belirleme arac\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu noktada \u00f6nemli ayr\u0131m \u015fudur: Kura yeterli\u011fin yerine ge\u00e7mez. \u00d6nce aday\u0131n objektif \u015fartlar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 denetlenir; sonra gerekirse tarafs\u0131z kura uygulan\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece hem liyakat korunur hem de belirli organlar\u0131n veya \u00e7o\u011funluklar\u0131n fiil\u00ee belirleme tekeli kurmas\u0131 engellenir.<\/p>\n

Aday havuzu \u00e7o\u011fulculu\u011fu daraltamaz<\/h2>\n

Madde 94, aday havuzu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerinin \u00e7o\u011fulculu\u011fu daraltamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veya d\u00f6nemsel \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fa fiil\u00ee belirleme yetkisi veremeyece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a s\u00f6yler. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, teknik g\u00f6r\u00fcnen adayl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerinin nas\u0131l k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131labilece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6ren \u00f6nemli bir anayasal g\u00fcvence niteli\u011findedir.<\/p>\n

Bir sistem g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrde liyakat \u015fart\u0131 koyabilir; fakat \u015fartlar\u0131 \u00f6yle dar kurar ki yaln\u0131z belirli \u00e7evrelerin adaylar\u0131 havuza girebilir. Ya da belge, kurum, referans, s\u00fcre, de\u011ferlendirme ve itiraz mekanizmalar\u0131 \u00f6yle tasarlan\u0131r ki d\u00f6nemsel \u00e7o\u011funluk fiilen istedi\u011fi adaylar\u0131 belirler. Madde 94 bu ihtimali engeller.<\/p>\n

Anayasa Mahkemesinin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaln\u0131z son se\u00e7im a\u015famas\u0131nda korunmaz. Aday havuzunun olu\u015fumu da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Havuz yapay daralt\u0131l\u0131rsa, se\u00e7im veya kura a\u015famas\u0131 bi\u00e7imsel kal\u0131r. Bu nedenle aday havuzu, \u00e7o\u011fulculu\u011fu ger\u00e7ek anlamda ta\u015f\u0131mal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kademeli yenilenme mahkemeyi nas\u0131l korur?<\/h2>\n

\u00dcyeliklerin kademeli yenilenmesi, Anayasa Mahkemesinin ayn\u0131 anda tamamen de\u011fi\u015fmesini \u00f6nleyen g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir kurumsal s\u00fcreklilik arac\u0131d\u0131r. Mahkemenin b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcyeleri k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede de\u011fi\u015firse, anayasa yarg\u0131s\u0131 d\u00f6nemsel \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun etkisine daha a\u00e7\u0131k h\u00e2le gelebilir. Kademeli yenilenme ise mahkemenin hukuk haf\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131 korur.<\/p>\n

Bo\u015falan \u00fcyeli\u011fin ayn\u0131 kaynak ve usulle kalan s\u00fcre i\u00e7in tamamlanmas\u0131 da bu s\u00fcreklilik fikrinin tamamlay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. E\u011fer bir \u00fcyelik y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131 kayna\u011f\u0131ndan gelmi\u015fse, bo\u015falma h\u00e2linde ayn\u0131 kaynak ve usulle tamamlan\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece kaynak dengesi bozulmaz. Bo\u015falma, yeni bir \u00e7o\u011funluk lehine mahkemenin kompozisyonunu de\u011fi\u015ftirme f\u0131rsat\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclemez.<\/p>\n

Bu d\u00fczenleme, Anayasa Mahkemesini ani kurumsal y\u00f6n de\u011fi\u015fikliklerinden korur. Mahkeme zaman i\u00e7inde yenilenir; fakat bir anda ele ge\u00e7irilebilir veya i\u015flevsiz b\u0131rak\u0131labilir bir yap\u0131 h\u00e2line gelmez.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fkan ve ba\u015fkanvekilleri neden gizli oyla se\u00e7ilir?<\/h2>\n

Madde 94, ba\u015fkan ve ba\u015fkanvekillerinin \u00fcyeler aras\u0131ndan gizli oyla ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 s\u00fcre i\u00e7in se\u00e7ilece\u011fini belirtir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, mahkeme i\u00e7i y\u00f6netim bak\u0131m\u0131ndan tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00fcyelerin serbest tercih yapabilmesini g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131r. Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k makam\u0131, Anayasa Mahkemesinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma d\u00fczeni, temsil g\u00fcc\u00fc ve i\u00e7 i\u015fleyi\u015fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n

Gizli oy, \u00fcyelerin d\u0131\u015f bask\u0131 veya i\u00e7 hiyerar\u015fik etki alt\u0131nda kalmadan tercih yapmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 s\u00fcre ise ba\u015fkanl\u0131k makam\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrekli ki\u015fisel g\u00fc\u00e7 alan\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesini \u00f6nler. Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k, mahkemenin sahibi olmak de\u011fil; mahkeme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenli ve tarafs\u0131z y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesine hizmet etmektir.<\/p>\n

Bu tercih, Anayasa Mahkemesinin i\u00e7 i\u015fleyi\u015finde de \u00e7o\u011fulculuk ve denge arand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Mahkeme \u00fcyeliklerinde oldu\u011fu gibi mahkeme ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda da kapal\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyet veya kal\u0131c\u0131 ki\u015fisel g\u00fc\u00e7 birikimi istenmez.<\/p>\n

Karar kapasitesi neden kilitlenemez?<\/h2>\n

Madde 94, Anayasa Mahkemesi Genel Kurulunun \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n asgari \u00fc\u00e7te ikisiyle toplanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve kat\u0131lanlar\u0131n salt \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fuyla karar verece\u011fini d\u00fczenler. \u0130ptal, parti kapatma ve Y\u00fcce Divan kararlar\u0131 i\u00e7in daha y\u00fcksek \u00e7o\u011funluk kanunla belirlenebilir; ancak bu \u00e7o\u011funluk \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n salt \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fundan az ve \u00fc\u00e7te ikisinden \u00e7ok olamaz.<\/p>\n

Bu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n amac\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r: Anayasa Mahkemesi \u00f6nemli kararlar\u0131 hafif \u00e7o\u011funluklarla vermesin; fakat karar veremez h\u00e2le de gelmesin. \u00c7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funluklar anayasa yarg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 zay\u0131flatabilir. \u00c7ok y\u00fcksek \u00e7o\u011funluklar ise mahkemeyi kilitleyebilir. \u00d6zellikle iptal, parti kapatma ve Y\u00fcce Divan gibi a\u011f\u0131r kararlar i\u00e7in nitelikli \u00e7o\u011funluk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir; ancak karar g\u00fcc\u00fc fel\u00e7 edilemez.<\/p>\n

Bu denge, anayasa yarg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n hem ciddi hem i\u015flevsel olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Mahkeme karar almakta zorlanacak kadar kilitlenirse, Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve hak koruma g\u00f6revi zarar g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Madde 94 bu nedenle \u201ckarar g\u00fcc\u00fc kilitlenemez\u201d c\u00fcmlesini \u00f6zellikle kullan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

119. madde g\u00fcvencesi neden burada kritik rol oynar?<\/h2>\n

Madde 94, Mahkemenin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, karar kapasitesi, aday havuzu ve kura g\u00fcvencelerinin 119. maddeye g\u00f6re korunaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Bu at\u0131f, Anayasa Mahkemesinin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n dolayl\u0131 d\u00fczenlemelerle zay\u0131flat\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

Bir anayasa mahkemesi do\u011frudan kald\u0131r\u0131lmadan da etkisizle\u015ftirilebilir. Aday havuzu daralt\u0131labilir, \u00fcyelik s\u00fcreci belirli \u00e7evrelerin kontrol\u00fcne sokulabilir, b\u00fct\u00e7e azalt\u0131labilir, raport\u00f6rl\u00fck yap\u0131s\u0131 zay\u0131flat\u0131labilir, karar yeter say\u0131lar\u0131 kilitlenebilir, g\u00f6revdeki \u00fcyeleri hedef alan d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131labilir veya mahkemenin karar kapasitesi teknik gerek\u00e7elerle fel\u00e7 edilebilir.<\/p>\n

Madde 94, bu ihtimalleri 119. madde g\u00fcvencesiyle engeller. Kanun, mahkemenin b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerini, ba\u015fkanl\u0131k yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, raport\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, b\u00fct\u00e7esini, idari te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma usullerini d\u00fczenleyebilir; fakat bunu mahkemenin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, hak koruma g\u00f6revini veya karar kapasitesini zay\u0131flatacak bi\u00e7imde yapamaz.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6revdeki \u00fcyeleri hedef alan de\u011fi\u015fiklik yasa\u011f\u0131<\/h2>\n

Madde 94\u2019\u00fcn son c\u00fcmlesi, g\u00f6revdeki \u00fcyeleri hedef alan veya 119. madde g\u00fcvencelerini zay\u0131flatan de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, Anayasa Mahkemesinin kurumsal g\u00fcvenli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc anayasa mahkemelerine m\u00fcdahale, bazen do\u011frudan kararlar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mamakla de\u011fil, g\u00f6revdeki \u00fcyeleri etkisizle\u015ftiren d\u00fczenlemelerle yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi devam eden \u00fcyelerin konumunu hedef alan, mahkeme kompozisyonunu belirli kararlar nedeniyle de\u011fi\u015ftiren veya mevcut \u00fcyeleri fiilen g\u00f6rev d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakan d\u00fczenlemeler, mahkeme ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 zedeler. Madde 94, \u00fcyelerin g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresini ve mahkemenin kurumsal s\u00fcreklili\u011fini bu t\u00fcr m\u00fcdahalelere kar\u015f\u0131 korur.<\/p>\n

Bu g\u00fcvence, Anayasa Mahkemesinin d\u00f6nemsel gerilimlerde ayakta kalmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Mahkeme, verdi\u011fi kararlar nedeniyle yeniden \u015fekillendirilebilecek bir kurum h\u00e2line gelirse, anayasal denetim ger\u00e7ek anlam\u0131n\u0131 kaybeder.<\/p>\n

Madde 94\u2019\u00fcn Anayasa Mahkemesi mimarisi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Alan<\/th>\nAnayasal G\u00fcvence<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Mahkemenin niteli\u011fi<\/td>\nAnayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, haklar\u0131 ve anayasal d\u00fczeni koruyan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z y\u00fcksek mahkeme<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00dcye say\u0131s\u0131<\/td>\nOn be\u015f \u00fcyeli karar kapasitesi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
G\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi<\/td>\nOn iki y\u0131l ve yeniden \u00fcyelik yasa\u011f\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kaynak dengesi<\/td>\nY\u00fcksek yarg\u0131, h\u00e2kimlik-savc\u0131l\u0131k, hukuk fak\u00fclteleri, barolar ve kamu hukuku alanlar\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00dcyelik y\u00f6ntemi<\/td>\nObjektif liyakat havuzu, a\u00e7\u0131k yeterlik, tarafs\u0131z kura, itiraz ve denetlenebilirlik<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Yenilenme<\/td>\nKademeli yenilenme ve bo\u015falan \u00fcyeli\u011fin ayn\u0131 kaynakla tamamlanmas\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Karar g\u00fcc\u00fc<\/td>\nYeter say\u0131lar mahkemeyi kilitlemeyecek bi\u00e7imde d\u00fczenlenir<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Koruma kilidi<\/td>\n119. maddeye ayk\u0131r\u0131 zay\u0131flatma ve g\u00f6revdeki \u00fcyeleri hedef alma yasa\u011f\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Bu mimari, Anayasa Mahkemesini yaln\u0131z y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131 organ\u0131 olarak de\u011fil, anayasal d\u00fczenin s\u00fcreklili\u011fini ve hak koruma g\u00f6revini ta\u015f\u0131yan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z kurumsal g\u00fcvence olarak tasarlar.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7: Anayasa Mahkemesi anayasal d\u00fczenin koruma merkezidir<\/h2>\n

Anayasa Mahkemesi, Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, haklar\u0131 ve anayasal d\u00fczeni koruyan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z y\u00fcksek mahkeme olarak d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Madde 94, mahkemenin on be\u015f \u00fcyeden olu\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u00fcyelerin on iki y\u0131l g\u00f6rev yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve yeniden \u00fcyelik olmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirleyerek hem karar kapasitesi hem ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k hem de kurumsal yenilenme bak\u0131m\u0131ndan dengeli bir yap\u0131 kurar.<\/p>\n

Bu maddenin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc taraf\u0131, Anayasa Mahkemesinin \u00fcyelik sistemini \u00e7o\u011fulcu kaynak dengesine ve objektif liyakat havuzuna ba\u011flamas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dcyeler y\u00fcksek mesleki yeterlik, d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k ve kamu g\u00fcveni \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan hukuk\u00e7ular aras\u0131ndan belirlenir. Y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131, h\u00e2kimlik-savc\u0131l\u0131k, hukuk fak\u00fclteleri, barolar, kamu hukuku, insan haklar\u0131, anayasal denetim ve kamu denetimi kaynaklar\u0131 birlikte de\u011ferlendirilir. 56. maddedeki a\u00e7\u0131k yeterlik, tarafs\u0131z kura, itiraz ve denetlenebilirlik g\u00fcvenceleri \u00fcyeliklerde uygulan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak Madde 94, Anayasa Mahkemesini d\u00f6nemsel \u00e7o\u011funluklara, kapal\u0131 kontenjanlara, y\u00fcr\u00fctme \u00e7evrelerine veya tek merkezli h\u00e2kimiyet giri\u015fimlerine kar\u015f\u0131 koruyan kapsaml\u0131 bir anayasal yap\u0131 kurar. \u00dcyelikler kademeli yenilenir, ba\u015fkanl\u0131k gizli oyla ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 s\u00fcreyle belirlenir, karar yeter say\u0131lar\u0131 mahkemeyi kilitlemeyecek bi\u00e7imde d\u00fczenlenir. G\u00f6revdeki \u00fcyeleri hedef alan veya 119. madde g\u00fcvencelerini zay\u0131flatan de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131lamaz. Bu nedenle Anayasa Mahkemesi, bu anayasa modelinde Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, hak koruma g\u00f6revi, \u00e7o\u011fulcu \u00fcyelik dengesi, liyakat, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k, karar kapasitesi ve anayasal kurum g\u00fcvencesi<\/strong> \u00fczerine kurulu en y\u00fcksek anayasal denetim makam\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Anayasa Mahkemesi, anayasal d\u00fczenin en \u00fcst koruma makamlar\u0131ndan biridir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc yaln\u0131z kanunlar\u0131n teknik denetimini yapan bir y\u00fcksek mahkeme de\u011fil, Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, temel haklar\u0131, kuvvetler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve anayasal kurumlar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 koruyan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z yarg\u0131 merkezidir. Bir devlette Anayasa en \u00fcst norm olarak kabul ediliyorsa, bu \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn yaln\u0131z metinde kalmamas\u0131 gerekir. Kanunlar, y\u00fcr\u00fctme i\u015flemleri, kurumlar aras\u0131 yetki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve anayasal s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n ihlali kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda etkili bir denetim makam\u0131 bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle Anayasa Mahkemesi, hukuk devletinin yaln\u0131z teorik de\u011fil, uygulanabilir olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan temel g\u00fcvence kurumudur. Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde Madde 94, Anayasa Mahkemesini Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, haklar\u0131 ve anayasal d\u00fczeni koruyan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z y\u00fcksek mahkeme olarak tan\u0131mlar. Mahkeme on be\u015f \u00fcyeden olu\u015fur; \u00fcyelerin g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi on iki y\u0131ld\u0131r ve yeniden \u00fcyelik yoktur. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 unsur birlikte d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, Anayasa Mahkemesi hem kurumsal kapasiteye hem s\u00fcreklili\u011fe hem de d\u00f6nemsel hesaplardan ar\u0131nm\u0131\u015f \u00fcyelik yap\u0131s\u0131na sahip olacak \u015fekilde d\u00fczenlenir. Madde 94\u2019\u00fcn temel amac\u0131, Anayasa Mahkemesinin herhangi bir organ, makam, parti, y\u00fcr\u00fctme \u00e7evresi, kapal\u0131 kontenjan veya d\u00f6nemsel \u00e7o\u011funluk taraf\u0131ndan tek ba\u015f\u0131na ele ge\u00e7irilmesini \u00f6nlemektir. Bunun i\u00e7in \u00fcyeler y\u00fcksek mesleki yeterlik, d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k ve kamu g\u00fcveni \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan hukuk\u00e7ular aras\u0131ndan; y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131, h\u00e2kimlik-savc\u0131l\u0131k, hukuk fak\u00fclteleri, barolar, kamu hukuku, insan haklar\u0131, anayasal denetim ve kamu denetimi kaynaklar\u0131ndan \u00e7o\u011fulcu dengeyle belirlenir. B\u00f6ylece Anayasa Mahkemesi, tek merkezli atama g\u00fcc\u00fcne de\u011fil, \u00e7o\u011fulcu hukuk birikimine dayanan anayasal koruma organ\u0131 h\u00e2line gelir. Madde 94 \u2013 Anayasa Mahkemesinin Kurulu\u015fu, \u00dcyeleri, \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve G\u00fcvenceleri Anayasa Mahkemesi, Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, haklar\u0131 ve anayasal d\u00fczeni koruyan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z y\u00fcksek mahkemedir. Mahkeme on be\u015f (15) \u00fcyeden olu\u015fur; \u00fcyelerin s\u00fcresi on iki (12) y\u0131ld\u0131r ve yeniden \u00fcyelik yoktur. \u00dcyeler y\u00fcksek mesleki yeterlik, d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k ve kamu g\u00fcveni \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan hukuk\u00e7ular aras\u0131ndan; y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131, h\u00e2kimlik-savc\u0131l\u0131k, hukuk fak\u00fclteleri, barolar, kamu hukuku, insan haklar\u0131, anayasal denetim ve kamu denetimi kaynaklar\u0131ndan \u00e7o\u011fulcu dengeyle belirlenir. \u00dcyeliklerde 56. maddedeki objektif liyakat havuzu, a\u00e7\u0131k yeterlik, tarafs\u0131z kura, itiraz ve denetlenebilirlik g\u00fcvenceleri uygulan\u0131r. Aday havuzu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctleri \u00e7o\u011fulculu\u011fu daraltamaz veya d\u00f6nemsel \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fa fiil\u00ee belirleme yetkisi veremez; Mahkemenin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, karar kapasitesi, aday havuzu ve kura g\u00fcvenceleri 119. maddeye g\u00f6re korunur. \u00dcyelikler kademeli yenilenir; bo\u015falan \u00fcyelik ayn\u0131 kaynak ve usulle kalan s\u00fcre i\u00e7in tamamlan\u0131r. Ba\u015fkan ve ba\u015fkanvekilleri \u00fcyeler aras\u0131ndan gizli oyla ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 s\u00fcre i\u00e7in se\u00e7ilir. Mahkemenin b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri, ba\u015fkanl\u0131k yap\u0131s\u0131, bo\u015falma, kademeli yenilenme, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma usul\u00fc, raport\u00f6rl\u00fck, b\u00fct\u00e7e, idari te\u015fkilat, g\u00f6rev ve karar usulleri; ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k, hak koruma g\u00f6revi, karar kapasitesi ve 56 ile 119. madde g\u00fcvenceleri korunarak kanunla d\u00fczenlenir. Anayasa Mahkemesi Genel Kurulu, \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n asgari \u00fc\u00e7te ikisiyle toplan\u0131r ve kat\u0131lanlar\u0131n salt \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fuyla karar verir. \u0130ptal, parti kapatma ve Y\u00fcce Divan kararlar\u0131 i\u00e7in daha y\u00fcksek \u00e7o\u011funluk kanunla, \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n salt \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fundan az ve \u00fc\u00e7te ikisinden \u00e7ok olmayacak bi\u00e7imde belirlenebilir; karar g\u00fcc\u00fc kilitlenemez. Hi\u00e7bir organ, makam, parti, y\u00fcr\u00fctme \u00e7evresi, kapal\u0131 kontenjan veya d\u00f6nemsel \u00e7o\u011funluk Mahkeme \u00fcyeliklerinde tek ba\u015f\u0131na h\u00e2kimiyet kuramaz; g\u00f6revdeki \u00fcyeleri hedef alan veya 119. madde g\u00fcvencelerini zay\u0131flatan de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131lamaz. Anayasa Mahkemesi neden yaln\u0131z bir mahkeme de\u011fildir? Anayasa Mahkemesi, s\u0131radan uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zen bir derece mahkemesi gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmemelidir. Bu mahkemenin g\u00f6revi, Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve anayasal d\u00fczenin temel dengesini korumakt\u0131r. Kanun koyucu bir d\u00fczenleme yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, y\u00fcr\u00fctme anayasal s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 zorlad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda veya temel haklar anayasal d\u00fczeyde korunmaya ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011funda Anayasa Mahkemesi devreye girer. Bu y\u00fczden Anayasa Mahkemesi, hukuk devletinin \u201cson g\u00fcvence noktalar\u0131ndan\u201d biridir. Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yaln\u0131z siyasal ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131kla korunamaz. Kurumlar\u0131n yetki s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fmas\u0131, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun haklar\u0131 zay\u0131flatmas\u0131 veya anayasal g\u00fcvencelerin teknik d\u00fczenlemelerle etkisizle\u015ftirilmesi ihtimaline kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z anayasa yarg\u0131s\u0131 gerekir. Venedik Komisyonu\u2019nun anayasa mahkemelerinin kompozisyonuna ili\u015fkin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, anayasa mahkemelerinin yap\u0131s\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve dengeyi sa\u011flayacak tekniklerin \u00f6nemini kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 olarak ele al\u0131r. Madde 94\u2019\u00fcn \u00e7o\u011fulcu kaynak dengesi de ayn\u0131 soruna cevap verir: Anayasa Mahkemesi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olacak, fakat belirli bir g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7evresinin mahkemesi h\u00e2line gelmeyecektir. On be\u015f \u00fcye ve on iki y\u0131ll\u0131k tek d\u00f6nem ne sa\u011flar? Madde 94, Anayasa Mahkemesinin on be\u015f \u00fcyeden olu\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00fcyelerin s\u00fcresinin on iki y\u0131l olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. On be\u015f \u00fcyeli yap\u0131, mahkemenin karar kapasitesini ve \u00e7o\u011fulcu tart\u0131\u015fma imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir. \u00c7ok dar \u00fcye say\u0131s\u0131, mahkemenin birka\u00e7 ki\u015finin hukuk anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na s\u0131k\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilir. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 geni\u015f yap\u0131 ise karar alma verimlili\u011fini zay\u0131flatabilir. On be\u015f \u00fcyeli model, kapasite ile y\u00f6netilebilirlik aras\u0131nda denge kurar. On iki y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre, anayasa yarg\u0131s\u0131nda k\u0131sa d\u00f6nemli bask\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fcvence sa\u011flar. Anayasa Mahkemesi \u00fcyeleri, g\u00fcnl\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funluk de\u011fi\u015fimlerine g\u00f6re de\u011fil, uzun vadeli anayasal sorumlulukla hareket etmelidir. Ancak s\u00fcrenin s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z olmamas\u0131 da \u00f6nemlidir. S\u00fcreli \u00fcyelik, mahkemenin yenilenmesini ve hukuk birikiminin zaman i\u00e7inde tazelenmesini sa\u011flar. Yeniden \u00fcyelik yasa\u011f\u0131 ise ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6zellikle de\u011ferlidir. \u00dcye, g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresinin sonunda yeniden se\u00e7ilme beklentisi ta\u015f\u0131mayaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kendisini yeniden belirleyebilecek \u00e7evrelere g\u00f6re karar verme bask\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda kalmaz. B\u00f6ylece Anayasa Mahkemesi \u00fcyeli\u011fi, kariyer hesab\u0131 de\u011fil anayasal g\u00f6rev bilinciyle y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u00dcyelik kaynaklar\u0131nda \u00e7o\u011fulcu denge neden gereklidir? Madde 94, \u00fcyelerin y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131, h\u00e2kimlik-savc\u0131l\u0131k, hukuk fak\u00fclteleri, barolar, kamu hukuku, insan haklar\u0131, anayasal denetim ve kamu denetimi kaynaklar\u0131ndan \u00e7o\u011fulcu dengeyle belirlenmesini \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcr. Bu tercih, Anayasa Mahkemesinin yaln\u0131z tek meslek \u00e7evresinin veya tek hukuk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn etkisine b\u0131rak\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131 i\u00e7tihat tecr\u00fcbesi getirir. H\u00e2kimlik ve savc\u0131l\u0131k mesle\u011fi yarg\u0131lama prati\u011fini temsil eder. Hukuk fak\u00fclteleri teorik ve akademik derinlik sa\u011flar. Barolar savunma hakk\u0131 ve vatanda\u015fla temas boyutunu ta\u015f\u0131r. Kamu hukuku, insan haklar\u0131, anayasal denetim ve kamu denetimi alanlar\u0131 ise Anayasa Mahkemesinin temel g\u00f6rev alanlar\u0131na do\u011frudan uzmanl\u0131k kazand\u0131r\u0131r. International IDEA\u2019n\u0131n anayasa mahkemesi atama mekanizmalar\u0131na ili\u015fkin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, anayasa mahkemesi \u00fcyelerinin belirlenmesinde yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile demokratik hesap verebilirlik aras\u0131ndaki dengenin nas\u0131l kurulabilece\u011fini inceler. Madde 94\u2019teki \u00e7o\u011fulcu kaynak dengesi de mahkemeyi hem hukuk\u00ee yeterli\u011fe hem kamu g\u00fcvenine dayand\u0131rmak ister. Liyakat havuzu ve tarafs\u0131z kura anayasa yarg\u0131s\u0131nda nas\u0131l i\u015fler? Anayasa Mahkemesi \u00fcyeli\u011fi, yaln\u0131z y\u00fcksek unvanla veya kapal\u0131 tavsiye mekanizmas\u0131yla belirlenemez. Madde 94, \u00fcyeliklerde 56. maddedeki objektif liyakat havuzu, a\u00e7\u0131k yeterlik, tarafs\u0131z kura, itiraz ve denetlenebilirlik g\u00fcvencelerinin uygulanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Bu y\u00f6ntem, \u00fcyelik s\u00fcrecini ki\u015fisel ili\u015fki, kapal\u0131 kontenjan veya d\u00f6nemsel \u00e7o\u011funluk hesab\u0131ndan uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lar. Objektif liyakat havuzu, \u00f6ncelikle kimlerin Anayasa Mahkemesi \u00fcyeli\u011fine aday olabilece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k ve denetlenebilir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlere ba\u011flar. A\u00e7\u0131k yeterlik, adaylar\u0131n hangi mesleki tecr\u00fcbe, d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k ve kamu g\u00fcveni \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr k\u0131lar. Tarafs\u0131z kura ise yeterlik denetiminden sonra, say\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 a\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda devreye giren belirleme arac\u0131d\u0131r. Bu noktada \u00f6nemli ayr\u0131m \u015fudur: Kura yeterli\u011fin yerine ge\u00e7mez. \u00d6nce aday\u0131n objektif \u015fartlar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 denetlenir; sonra gerekirse tarafs\u0131z kura uygulan\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece hem liyakat korunur hem de belirli organlar\u0131n veya \u00e7o\u011funluklar\u0131n fiil\u00ee belirleme tekeli kurmas\u0131 engellenir. Aday havuzu \u00e7o\u011fulculu\u011fu daraltamaz Madde 94, aday havuzu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerinin \u00e7o\u011fulculu\u011fu daraltamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veya d\u00f6nemsel \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fa fiil\u00ee belirleme yetkisi veremeyece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a s\u00f6yler. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, teknik g\u00f6r\u00fcnen adayl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerinin nas\u0131l k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131labilece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6ren \u00f6nemli bir anayasal g\u00fcvence niteli\u011findedir. Bir sistem g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrde liyakat \u015fart\u0131 koyabilir; fakat \u015fartlar\u0131 \u00f6yle dar kurar ki yaln\u0131z belirli \u00e7evrelerin adaylar\u0131 havuza girebilir. Ya da belge, kurum, referans, s\u00fcre, de\u011ferlendirme ve itiraz mekanizmalar\u0131 \u00f6yle tasarlan\u0131r ki d\u00f6nemsel \u00e7o\u011funluk fiilen istedi\u011fi adaylar\u0131 belirler. Madde 94 bu ihtimali engeller. Anayasa Mahkemesinin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaln\u0131z son se\u00e7im a\u015famas\u0131nda korunmaz. Aday havuzunun olu\u015fumu da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Havuz yapay daralt\u0131l\u0131rsa, se\u00e7im veya kura a\u015famas\u0131 bi\u00e7imsel kal\u0131r. Bu nedenle aday havuzu, \u00e7o\u011fulculu\u011fu ger\u00e7ek anlamda ta\u015f\u0131mal\u0131d\u0131r. Kademeli yenilenme mahkemeyi nas\u0131l korur? \u00dcyeliklerin kademeli yenilenmesi, Anayasa Mahkemesinin ayn\u0131 anda tamamen de\u011fi\u015fmesini \u00f6nleyen g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir kurumsal s\u00fcreklilik arac\u0131d\u0131r. Mahkemenin b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcyeleri k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede de\u011fi\u015firse, anayasa yarg\u0131s\u0131 d\u00f6nemsel \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun etkisine daha a\u00e7\u0131k h\u00e2le gelebilir. Kademeli yenilenme ise mahkemenin hukuk haf\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131 korur. Bo\u015falan \u00fcyeli\u011fin ayn\u0131 kaynak ve usulle kalan s\u00fcre i\u00e7in tamamlanmas\u0131 da bu s\u00fcreklilik fikrinin tamamlay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. E\u011fer bir \u00fcyelik y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131 kayna\u011f\u0131ndan gelmi\u015fse, bo\u015falma h\u00e2linde ayn\u0131 kaynak ve usulle tamamlan\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece kaynak dengesi bozulmaz. Bo\u015falma, yeni bir \u00e7o\u011funluk lehine mahkemenin kompozisyonunu de\u011fi\u015ftirme f\u0131rsat\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclemez. Bu d\u00fczenleme, Anayasa Mahkemesini ani kurumsal y\u00f6n de\u011fi\u015fikliklerinden korur. Mahkeme zaman i\u00e7inde yenilenir; fakat bir anda ele ge\u00e7irilebilir veya i\u015flevsiz b\u0131rak\u0131labilir bir yap\u0131 h\u00e2line gelmez. Ba\u015fkan ve ba\u015fkanvekilleri neden gizli oyla se\u00e7ilir? Madde 94, ba\u015fkan ve ba\u015fkanvekillerinin \u00fcyeler aras\u0131ndan gizli oyla ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 s\u00fcre i\u00e7in se\u00e7ilece\u011fini belirtir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, mahkeme i\u00e7i y\u00f6netim bak\u0131m\u0131ndan tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00fcyelerin serbest tercih yapabilmesini g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131r. Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k makam\u0131, Anayasa Mahkemesinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma d\u00fczeni, temsil g\u00fcc\u00fc ve i\u00e7 i\u015fleyi\u015fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Gizli oy, \u00fcyelerin d\u0131\u015f bask\u0131 veya i\u00e7 hiyerar\u015fik etki alt\u0131nda kalmadan tercih yapmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 s\u00fcre ise ba\u015fkanl\u0131k makam\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrekli ki\u015fisel g\u00fc\u00e7 alan\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesini \u00f6nler. Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k, mahkemenin sahibi olmak de\u011fil; mahkeme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenli ve tarafs\u0131z y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesine hizmet etmektir. Bu tercih, Anayasa Mahkemesinin i\u00e7 i\u015fleyi\u015finde de \u00e7o\u011fulculuk ve denge arand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Mahkeme \u00fcyeliklerinde oldu\u011fu gibi mahkeme ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda da kapal\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyet veya kal\u0131c\u0131 ki\u015fisel g\u00fc\u00e7 birikimi istenmez. Karar kapasitesi neden kilitlenemez? Madde 94, Anayasa Mahkemesi Genel Kurulunun \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n asgari \u00fc\u00e7te ikisiyle toplanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve kat\u0131lanlar\u0131n salt \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fuyla karar verece\u011fini d\u00fczenler. \u0130ptal, parti kapatma ve Y\u00fcce Divan kararlar\u0131 i\u00e7in daha y\u00fcksek \u00e7o\u011funluk kanunla belirlenebilir; ancak bu \u00e7o\u011funluk \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n salt \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fundan az ve \u00fc\u00e7te ikisinden \u00e7ok olamaz. Bu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n amac\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r: Anayasa Mahkemesi \u00f6nemli kararlar\u0131 hafif \u00e7o\u011funluklarla vermesin; fakat karar veremez h\u00e2le de gelmesin. \u00c7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funluklar anayasa yarg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 zay\u0131flatabilir. \u00c7ok y\u00fcksek \u00e7o\u011funluklar ise mahkemeyi kilitleyebilir. \u00d6zellikle iptal, parti kapatma ve Y\u00fcce Divan gibi a\u011f\u0131r kararlar i\u00e7in nitelikli \u00e7o\u011funluk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir; ancak karar g\u00fcc\u00fc fel\u00e7 edilemez. Bu denge, anayasa yarg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n hem ciddi hem i\u015flevsel olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Mahkeme karar almakta zorlanacak kadar kilitlenirse, Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve hak koruma g\u00f6revi zarar g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Madde 94 bu nedenle \u201ckarar g\u00fcc\u00fc kilitlenemez\u201d c\u00fcmlesini \u00f6zellikle kullan\u0131r. 119. madde g\u00fcvencesi neden burada kritik rol oynar? Madde 94, Mahkemenin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, karar kapasitesi, aday havuzu ve kura g\u00fcvencelerinin 119. maddeye g\u00f6re korunaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Bu at\u0131f, Anayasa Mahkemesinin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n dolayl\u0131 d\u00fczenlemelerle zay\u0131flat\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Bir anayasa mahkemesi do\u011frudan kald\u0131r\u0131lmadan da etkisizle\u015ftirilebilir. Aday havuzu daralt\u0131labilir, \u00fcyelik s\u00fcreci belirli \u00e7evrelerin kontrol\u00fcne sokulabilir, b\u00fct\u00e7e azalt\u0131labilir, raport\u00f6rl\u00fck yap\u0131s\u0131 zay\u0131flat\u0131labilir, karar yeter say\u0131lar\u0131 kilitlenebilir, g\u00f6revdeki \u00fcyeleri hedef alan d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131labilir veya mahkemenin karar kapasitesi teknik gerek\u00e7elerle fel\u00e7 edilebilir. Madde 94, bu ihtimalleri 119. madde g\u00fcvencesiyle engeller. Kanun, mahkemenin b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerini, ba\u015fkanl\u0131k yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, raport\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, b\u00fct\u00e7esini, idari te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma usullerini d\u00fczenleyebilir; fakat bunu mahkemenin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, hak koruma g\u00f6revini veya karar kapasitesini zay\u0131flatacak bi\u00e7imde yapamaz. G\u00f6revdeki \u00fcyeleri hedef alan de\u011fi\u015fiklik yasa\u011f\u0131 Madde 94\u2019\u00fcn son c\u00fcmlesi, g\u00f6revdeki \u00fcyeleri hedef alan veya 119. madde g\u00fcvencelerini zay\u0131flatan de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, Anayasa Mahkemesinin kurumsal g\u00fcvenli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc anayasa mahkemelerine m\u00fcdahale, bazen do\u011frudan kararlar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mamakla de\u011fil, g\u00f6revdeki \u00fcyeleri etkisizle\u015ftiren d\u00fczenlemelerle yap\u0131l\u0131r. G\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi devam eden \u00fcyelerin konumunu hedef alan, mahkeme kompozisyonunu belirli kararlar nedeniyle de\u011fi\u015ftiren veya mevcut \u00fcyeleri fiilen g\u00f6rev d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakan d\u00fczenlemeler, mahkeme ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 zedeler. Madde 94, \u00fcyelerin g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresini ve mahkemenin kurumsal s\u00fcreklili\u011fini bu t\u00fcr m\u00fcdahalelere kar\u015f\u0131 korur. Bu g\u00fcvence, Anayasa Mahkemesinin d\u00f6nemsel gerilimlerde ayakta kalmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Mahkeme, verdi\u011fi kararlar nedeniyle yeniden \u015fekillendirilebilecek bir kurum h\u00e2line gelirse, anayasal denetim ger\u00e7ek anlam\u0131n\u0131 kaybeder. Madde 94\u2019\u00fcn Anayasa Mahkemesi mimarisi Alan Anayasal G\u00fcvence Mahkemenin niteli\u011fi Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, haklar\u0131 ve anayasal d\u00fczeni koruyan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z y\u00fcksek mahkeme \u00dcye say\u0131s\u0131 On be\u015f \u00fcyeli karar kapasitesi G\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi On iki y\u0131l ve yeniden \u00fcyelik yasa\u011f\u0131 Kaynak dengesi Y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131, h\u00e2kimlik-savc\u0131l\u0131k, hukuk fak\u00fclteleri, barolar ve kamu hukuku alanlar\u0131 \u00dcyelik y\u00f6ntemi Objektif liyakat havuzu, a\u00e7\u0131k yeterlik, tarafs\u0131z kura, itiraz ve denetlenebilirlik Yenilenme Kademeli yenilenme ve bo\u015falan \u00fcyeli\u011fin ayn\u0131 kaynakla tamamlanmas\u0131 Karar g\u00fcc\u00fc Yeter say\u0131lar mahkemeyi kilitlemeyecek bi\u00e7imde d\u00fczenlenir Koruma kilidi 119. maddeye ayk\u0131r\u0131 zay\u0131flatma ve g\u00f6revdeki \u00fcyeleri hedef alma yasa\u011f\u0131 Bu mimari, Anayasa Mahkemesini yaln\u0131z y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131 organ\u0131 olarak de\u011fil, anayasal d\u00fczenin s\u00fcreklili\u011fini ve hak koruma g\u00f6revini ta\u015f\u0131yan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z kurumsal g\u00fcvence olarak tasarlar. Sonu\u00e7: Anayasa Mahkemesi anayasal d\u00fczenin koruma merkezidir Anayasa Mahkemesi, Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, haklar\u0131 ve anayasal d\u00fczeni koruyan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z y\u00fcksek mahkeme olarak d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Madde 94, mahkemenin on be\u015f \u00fcyeden olu\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u00fcyelerin on iki y\u0131l g\u00f6rev yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve yeniden \u00fcyelik olmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirleyerek hem karar kapasitesi hem ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k hem de kurumsal yenilenme bak\u0131m\u0131ndan dengeli bir yap\u0131 kurar. Bu maddenin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc taraf\u0131, Anayasa Mahkemesinin \u00fcyelik sistemini \u00e7o\u011fulcu kaynak dengesine ve objektif liyakat havuzuna ba\u011flamas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dcyeler y\u00fcksek mesleki yeterlik, d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k ve kamu g\u00fcveni \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan hukuk\u00e7ular aras\u0131ndan belirlenir. Y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131, h\u00e2kimlik-savc\u0131l\u0131k, hukuk fak\u00fclteleri, barolar, kamu hukuku, insan haklar\u0131, anayasal denetim ve kamu denetimi kaynaklar\u0131 birlikte de\u011ferlendirilir. 56. maddedeki a\u00e7\u0131k yeterlik, tarafs\u0131z kura, itiraz ve denetlenebilirlik g\u00fcvenceleri \u00fcyeliklerde uygulan\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7 olarak Madde 94, Anayasa Mahkemesini d\u00f6nemsel \u00e7o\u011funluklara, kapal\u0131 kontenjanlara, y\u00fcr\u00fctme \u00e7evrelerine veya tek merkezli h\u00e2kimiyet giri\u015fimlerine kar\u015f\u0131 koruyan kapsaml\u0131 bir anayasal yap\u0131 kurar. \u00dcyelikler kademeli yenilenir, ba\u015fkanl\u0131k gizli oyla ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 s\u00fcreyle belirlenir, karar yeter say\u0131lar\u0131 mahkemeyi kilitlemeyecek bi\u00e7imde d\u00fczenlenir. G\u00f6revdeki \u00fcyeleri hedef alan veya 119. madde g\u00fcvencelerini zay\u0131flatan de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131lamaz. Bu nedenle Anayasa Mahkemesi, bu anayasa modelinde Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, hak koruma g\u00f6revi, \u00e7o\u011fulcu \u00fcyelik dengesi, liyakat, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k, karar kapasitesi ve anayasal kurum g\u00fcvencesi \u00fczerine kurulu en y\u00fcksek anayasal denetim makam\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":354,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-353","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-yargi-ve-anayasal-denetim"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/353","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=353"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/353\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":355,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/353\/revisions\/355"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/354"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=353"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=353"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=353"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}