{"id":343,"date":"2026-06-19T08:10:34","date_gmt":"2026-06-19T08:10:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/?p=343"},"modified":"2026-06-19T08:10:34","modified_gmt":"2026-06-19T08:10:34","slug":"mahkemelerin-bagimsizligi-madde-91","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/mahkemelerin-bagimsizligi-madde-91\/","title":{"rendered":"Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131\u2019nda Mahkemelerin Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (Madde 91)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mahkemelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong>, adaletin yaln\u0131z kanun metinlerinde de\u011fil, ger\u00e7ek yarg\u0131lama an\u0131nda da korunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan temel anayasal g\u00fcvencedir. Bir mahkeme, karar verirken y\u00fcr\u00fctmeden, yasamadan, idareden, medya bask\u0131s\u0131ndan, ki\u015fisel ili\u015fkilerden, \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7evrelerinden veya kurumsal telkinlerden etkileniyorsa, orada yarg\u0131 yetkisi ger\u00e7ek anlamda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z kullan\u0131lm\u0131yor demektir. H\u00e2kimler ve savc\u0131lar, g\u00f6revlerinde Anayasaya, kanuna ve hukuka uygun vicdan\u00ee kanaatlerine g\u00f6re hareket etmelidir. Bu nedenle mahkemelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, yaln\u0131z h\u00e2kimlerin ki\u015fisel g\u00fcvencesi de\u011fil; vatanda\u015f\u0131n adil yarg\u0131lanma, hukuk\u00ee g\u00fcvenlik, mahkemeye eri\u015fim ve tarafs\u0131z karar beklentisinin anayasal zeminidir.<\/p>\n

Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131<\/a> i\u00e7inde Madde 91, mahkemelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkesini \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131k bir yasak diliyle kurar. Hi\u00e7bir organ, makam, merci veya ki\u015fi yarg\u0131 yetkisinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131nda mahkemelere ve yarg\u0131 mensuplar\u0131na emir, talimat, tavsiye veya telkinde bulunamaz. Bu ifade yaln\u0131z do\u011frudan emirleri de\u011fil, dolayl\u0131 y\u00f6nlendirmeleri de kapsar. Yarg\u0131 yetkisi, d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan gelen beklentiye g\u00f6re de\u011fil, dosyaya, delile, hukuka ve vicdan\u00ee kanaate g\u00f6re kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Madde 91\u2019in ikinci g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc y\u00f6n\u00fc, mahkeme kararlar\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 anayasal zorunluluk h\u00e2line getirmesidir. Yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme ve idare mahkeme kararlar\u0131na uymak zorundad\u0131r; kararlar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftiremez, geciktiremez veya fiilen sonu\u00e7suz b\u0131rakamaz. B\u00f6ylece mahkemelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaln\u0131z karar verme a\u015famas\u0131nda de\u011fil, karar\u0131n hayata ge\u00e7irilmesi a\u015famas\u0131nda da korunur. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc uygulanmayan mahkeme karar\u0131, k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde kalan adalet demektir.<\/p>\n

Madde 91 \u2013 Mahkemelerin Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, H\u00e2kimlik ve Savc\u0131l\u0131k Teminat\u0131 ile Mesle\u011fi<\/strong><\/p>\n

H\u00e2kimler ve savc\u0131lar g\u00f6revlerinde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zd\u0131r; Anayasaya, kanuna ve hukuka uygun vicdan\u00ee kanaatlerine g\u00f6re karar verir. Hi\u00e7bir organ, makam, merci veya ki\u015fi yarg\u0131 yetkisinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131nda mahkemelere ve yarg\u0131 mensuplar\u0131na emir, talimat, tavsiye veya telkinde bulunamaz.<\/p>\n

Yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme ve idare mahkeme kararlar\u0131na uymak zorundad\u0131r; kararlar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftiremez, geciktiremez veya fiilen sonu\u00e7suz b\u0131rakamaz.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6r\u00fclmekte olan davalar hakk\u0131nda yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme ve idare organlar\u0131, yarg\u0131 yetkisinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 etkileyecek g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme, karar, bildirim, talimat veya bask\u0131 olu\u015fturamaz.<\/p>\n

H\u00e2kimler ve savc\u0131lar azlolunamaz; kendileri istemedik\u00e7e Anayasada g\u00f6sterilen ya\u015ftan \u00f6nce emekliye ayr\u0131lamaz ve bir mahkemenin veya kadronun kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 sebebiyle \u00f6zl\u00fck haklar\u0131ndan yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131lamaz. H\u00e2kimlik ve savc\u0131l\u0131k teminat\u0131 kanunla zay\u0131flat\u0131lamaz.<\/p>\n

H\u00e2kim ve savc\u0131lar\u0131n meslek i\u015flemleri 91. ve 119. maddelerdeki ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, teminat, liyakat, savunma, gerek\u00e7elilik, do\u011fal h\u00e2kim ve yarg\u0131 denetimi g\u00fcvencelerine tabidir.<\/p>\n

H\u00e2kimler ve savc\u0131lar g\u00f6revlerini d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, meslek onuru, insan haklar\u0131na sayg\u0131 ve gerek\u00e7eli karar sorumlulu\u011fu i\u00e7inde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcr. \u00c7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 zedeleyen ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k ve yarg\u0131 g\u00f6revini etkileyecek menfaat ili\u015fkileri yasakt\u0131r.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z yarg\u0131 karar an\u0131nda ba\u015flar<\/h2>\n

Mahkemelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, en g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr anlam\u0131n\u0131 karar an\u0131nda kazan\u0131r. H\u00e2kim, \u00f6n\u00fcndeki dosyada hangi karar\u0131n hukuka uygun oldu\u011funa kanaat getirirken; kamuoyu beklentisine, y\u00fcr\u00fctme bask\u0131s\u0131na, yasama \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funa, idari talimata, mesleki kayg\u0131ya veya ki\u015fisel menfaat ili\u015fkisine g\u00f6re hareket edemez. Karar\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131 dosya, delil, kanun, Anayasa, hukuk ilkeleri ve vicdan\u00ee kanaattir.<\/p>\n

Madde 91\u2019de ge\u00e7en \u201chukuka uygun vicdan\u00ee kanaat\u201d ifadesi \u00f6nemlidir. Vicdan\u00ee kanaat, h\u00e2kimin keyf\u00ee duygusu de\u011fildir. Hukuka uygun vicdan\u00ee kanaat; delillerin de\u011ferlendirilmesi, usul g\u00fcvencelerine uyulmas\u0131, kanunun yorumlanmas\u0131 ve adalet duygusunun hukuk i\u00e7inde somutla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z takdir de\u011fil; d\u0131\u015f bask\u0131dan ar\u0131nm\u0131\u015f hukuk\u00ee de\u011ferlendirme yetkisidir.<\/p>\n

BM\u2019nin yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin temel ilkeleri<\/a>, yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n devlet taraf\u0131ndan g\u00fcvenceye al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve \u00fclkenin Anayasas\u0131 veya hukukunda yer almas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirtir. Madde 91\u2019in mahkemelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkesini do\u011frudan anayasal h\u00fck\u00fcm olarak yazmas\u0131 da bu temel anlay\u0131\u015fla uyumludur.<\/p>\n

Emir, talimat, tavsiye ve telkin yasa\u011f\u0131 neden birlikte say\u0131l\u0131r?<\/h2>\n

Madde 91 yaln\u0131z \u201cemir\u201d ve \u201ctalimat\u201d yasa\u011f\u0131 koymaz; ayn\u0131 zamanda tavsiye ve telkini de yasaklar. Bu bilin\u00e7li tercih, yarg\u0131ya m\u00fcdahalenin her zaman a\u00e7\u0131k emir \u015feklinde gelmedi\u011fini kabul eder. Yarg\u0131 mensubuna do\u011frudan \u201c\u015fu karar\u0131 ver\u201d denilmesi a\u00e7\u0131k m\u00fcdahaledir. Fakat \u201cbu dosyada hassas davran\u0131lmas\u0131 bekleniyor\u201d, \u201ckurumun g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc bu y\u00f6ndedir\u201d, \u201c\u015fu karar kamu d\u00fczeni a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan daha uygun olur\u201d gibi ifadeler de yarg\u0131 yetkisini etkileyen telkinlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilir.<\/p>\n

Mahkemelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, yaln\u0131z kaba m\u00fcdahaleye kar\u015f\u0131 de\u011fil, yumu\u015fak bask\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerine kar\u015f\u0131 da korunmal\u0131d\u0131r. Tavsiye ve telkin yasa\u011f\u0131 bu nedenle \u00f6nemlidir. Yarg\u0131 mensubunun karar alan\u0131na hi\u00e7bir organ, makam, merci veya ki\u015fi y\u00f6n veremez. Yarg\u0131laman\u0131n sonucu, kurumsal beklentiye g\u00f6re de\u011fil, hukuka g\u00f6re belirlenir.<\/p>\n

Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, yarg\u0131 mensubunu yaln\u0131z d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan gelen siyasi bask\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 de\u011fil, idari hiyerar\u015fi, kapal\u0131 meslek \u00e7evresi veya d\u00f6nemsel kamuoyu bask\u0131s\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda da korur. Yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, mahkeme salonunun kap\u0131s\u0131nda ba\u015flayan ve karar\u0131n gerek\u00e7esinde tamamlanan bir anayasal g\u00fcvenlik alan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Mahkeme karar\u0131na uymak devlet organlar\u0131 i\u00e7in se\u00e7enek de\u011fildir<\/h2>\n

Madde 91\u2019in ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131, yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme ve idarenin mahkeme kararlar\u0131na uymak zorunda oldu\u011funu belirtir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, hukuk devletinin en pratik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bir \u00fclkede mahkemeler karar veriyor fakat kamu makamlar\u0131 bu kararlar\u0131 uygulam\u0131yor, geciktiriyor veya etkisizle\u015ftiriyorsa, yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 fiilen zay\u0131flar.<\/p>\n

Karar\u0131 uygulamamak kadar, karar\u0131 bi\u00e7imsel olarak uygulay\u0131p sonucunu de\u011fi\u015ftirmek de sak\u0131ncal\u0131d\u0131r. Madde 91 bu nedenle \u201cuygulamay\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirme, geciktirme veya fiilen sonu\u00e7suz b\u0131rakma\u201d yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a yazar. \u0130dare, mahkeme karar\u0131n\u0131n etraf\u0131ndan dolanamaz. Y\u00fcr\u00fctme, karar\u0131 etkisizle\u015ftiren yeni i\u015flem kuramaz. Yasama, g\u00f6r\u00fclmekte olan veya sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015f somut kararlar\u0131n etkisini ortadan kald\u0131racak bi\u00e7imde hukuki g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sarsamaz.<\/p>\n

Venedik Komisyonunun hukuk devleti kontrol listesi<\/a>, hukuka eri\u015fim, yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131n\u0131n etkili uygulanmas\u0131, kanunilik ve yetkinin k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi gibi ilkeleri hukuk devleti de\u011ferlendirmesinde \u00f6nemli g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Madde 91\u2019de mahkeme kararlar\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131na verilen anayasal \u00f6nem, bu hukuk devleti mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frudan sonucudur.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6r\u00fclmekte olan davalar hakk\u0131nda bask\u0131 yasa\u011f\u0131<\/h2>\n

Madde 91, g\u00f6r\u00fclmekte olan davalar hakk\u0131nda yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme ve idare organlar\u0131n\u0131n yarg\u0131 yetkisinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 etkileyecek g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme, karar, bildirim, talimat veya bask\u0131 olu\u015fturamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenler. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, yarg\u0131laman\u0131n devam etti\u011fi s\u00fcre\u00e7te mahkemenin d\u0131\u015f etkilerden korunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6r\u00fclmekte olan dava hakk\u0131nda yap\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131klama veya kurumsal bildirim, bazen do\u011frudan talimat kadar etkili olabilir. \u00d6zellikle y\u00fcksek profilli davalarda kamu makamlar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131, mahkeme \u00fczerinde bask\u0131 olu\u015fturabilir veya taraflardan birini g\u00fc\u00e7lendiren alg\u0131 do\u011furabilir. Madde 91, bu t\u00fcr m\u00fcdahaleleri yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Bu yasak, kamu makamlar\u0131n\u0131n hukuk hakk\u0131nda hi\u00e7 konu\u015famayaca\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmez. Ancak devam eden somut yarg\u0131lama \u00fczerinde karar y\u00f6nlendiren, h\u00e2kimi bask\u0131 alt\u0131na alan veya yarg\u0131 yetkisinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 etkilemeye elveri\u015fli a\u00e7\u0131klamalar yap\u0131lamaz. Yarg\u0131lama, mahkeme salonunda ve usul kurallar\u0131 i\u00e7inde y\u00fcr\u00fcmelidir.<\/p>\n

H\u00e2kimlik ve savc\u0131l\u0131k teminat\u0131 neyi korur?<\/h2>\n

Mahkemelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, yaln\u0131z soyut ilke olarak yaz\u0131l\u0131rsa yeterli olmaz. H\u00e2kim ve savc\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6rev g\u00fcvencesi yoksa, karar ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da k\u0131r\u0131lgan h\u00e2le gelir. Madde 91 bu nedenle h\u00e2kimler ve savc\u0131lar\u0131n azlolunamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, kendileri istemedik\u00e7e Anayasada g\u00f6sterilen ya\u015ftan \u00f6nce emekliye ayr\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve mahkemenin veya kadronun kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 sebebiyle \u00f6zl\u00fck haklar\u0131ndan yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenler.<\/p>\n

Bu teminatlar, h\u00e2kim ve savc\u0131y\u0131 ki\u015fisel ayr\u0131cal\u0131kla donatmak i\u00e7in de\u011fil, yarg\u0131 g\u00f6revini korumak i\u00e7in vard\u0131r. Bir h\u00e2kim verdi\u011fi karar nedeniyle g\u00f6revden al\u0131nma, erken emeklilik, kadro kald\u0131rma veya \u00f6zl\u00fck hakk\u0131 kayb\u0131 tehdidiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kal\u0131rsa, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z karar verme kapasitesi zay\u0131flar.<\/p>\n

CCJE\u2019nin h\u00e2kimlerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin belgeleri<\/a>, Avrupa Konseyi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde h\u00e2kimlerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yetkinli\u011fi \u00fczerine haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri ve Magna Carta metnini bir araya getirir. Madde 91\u2019deki h\u00e2kimlik ve savc\u0131l\u0131k teminat\u0131 da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z yarg\u0131n\u0131n ki\u015fisel de\u011fil kurumsal g\u00fcvencelere ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

Mahkeme veya kadro kald\u0131r\u0131larak teminat a\u015f\u0131labilir mi?<\/h2>\n

Madde 91, bir mahkemenin veya kadronun kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 sebebiyle h\u00e2kim ve savc\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6zl\u00fck haklar\u0131ndan yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zellikle belirtir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, teminat\u0131n dolan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc do\u011frudan g\u00f6revden alma yasak olsa bile, mahkeme veya kadro kald\u0131rma yoluyla benzer sonu\u00e7 \u00fcretilebilir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin bir h\u00e2kimi kararlar\u0131 nedeniyle do\u011frudan g\u00f6revden almak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011filse, g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 mahkemenin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 veya kadronun yeniden d\u00fczenlenmesi yoluyla fiil\u00ee bask\u0131 kurulabilir. Madde 91 bu ihtimali kapat\u0131r. Kurumsal yeniden d\u00fczenleme yap\u0131labilir; fakat bu d\u00fczenleme h\u00e2kimlik ve savc\u0131l\u0131k teminat\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131racak ara\u00e7 h\u00e2line getirilemez.<\/p>\n

Bu g\u00fcvence, yarg\u0131 te\u015fkilat\u0131nda yap\u0131lacak de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin de hukuka uygun, genel, nesnel ve teminat\u0131 koruyan bi\u00e7imde yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir. Te\u015fkilat reformu, yarg\u0131 mensubu \u00fczerinde bask\u0131 arac\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmemelidir.<\/p>\n

Meslek i\u015flemleri karar i\u00e7eri\u011fine g\u00f6re yap\u0131lamaz<\/h2>\n

Madde 91, h\u00e2kim ve savc\u0131lar\u0131n meslek i\u015flemlerini 91. ve 119. maddelerdeki ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, teminat, liyakat, savunma, gerek\u00e7elilik, do\u011fal h\u00e2kim ve yarg\u0131 denetimi g\u00fcvencelerine ba\u011flar. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, atama, terfi, nakil, disiplin, sicil veya mesleki de\u011ferlendirme i\u015flemlerinin karar i\u00e7eri\u011fini cezaland\u0131rma arac\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesini \u00f6nler.<\/p>\n

Yarg\u0131 mensubunun mesleki performans\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilebilir; fakat \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct, karar\u0131n idarenin veya \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun ho\u015funa gidip gitmemesi olamaz. Makul s\u00fcrede yarg\u0131lama, gerek\u00e7eli karar kalitesi, usul g\u00fcvencelerine uyum, etik davran\u0131\u015f, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k ve hizmet d\u00fczeni elbette \u00f6nemlidir. Ancak yarg\u0131sal kanaat nedeniyle \u00f6d\u00fcl, ceza, yer de\u011fi\u015ftirme veya mesleki bask\u0131 uygulanamaz.<\/p>\n

Bu sistem, h\u00e2kim ve savc\u0131lar\u0131n hem hesap verebilir hem ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, meslek\u00ee denetimden tamamen muafiyet de\u011fildir. Fakat denetim, yarg\u0131sal takdirin i\u00e7eri\u011fini y\u00f6nlendirme veya cezaland\u0131rma arac\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015femez.<\/p>\n

Do\u011fal h\u00e2kim g\u00fcvencesi yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n neresindedir?<\/h2>\n

Madde 91\u2019in meslek i\u015flemleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan do\u011fal h\u00e2kim g\u00fcvencesine at\u0131f yapmas\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir. Do\u011fal h\u00e2kim ilkesi, ki\u015finin \u00f6nceden kurulmu\u015f, g\u00f6rev ve yetkisi kanunla belirlenmi\u015f mahkeme \u00f6n\u00fcnde yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder. Bu ilke, davaya g\u00f6re mahkeme veya h\u00e2kim belirlenmesini engeller.<\/p>\n

Mahkemelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaln\u0131z h\u00e2kimin d\u0131\u015f bask\u0131dan korunmas\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda dosyan\u0131n hangi mahkemeye, hangi usulle ve hangi \u00f6nceden belirlenmi\u015f kurallarla gidece\u011fi de \u00f6nemlidir. E\u011fer mahkeme d\u00fczeni dosyaya g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015ftirilebiliyorsa, yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 zedelenir.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle do\u011fal h\u00e2kim g\u00fcvencesi, yarg\u0131 te\u015fkilat\u0131 ve meslek i\u015flemleriyle birlikte d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmelidir. H\u00e2kimlerin atama, nakil veya g\u00f6revlendirme s\u00fcre\u00e7leri, belirli davalar\u0131n sonucunu etkileyecek bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131lamaz.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k ve meslek onuru<\/h2>\n

Madde 91, h\u00e2kimler ve savc\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6revlerini d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, meslek onuru, insan haklar\u0131na sayg\u0131 ve gerek\u00e7eli karar sorumlulu\u011fu i\u00e7inde y\u00fcr\u00fctece\u011fini belirtir. Bu c\u00fcmle, yarg\u0131 mensubunun yaln\u0131z d\u0131\u015f m\u00fcdahaleden korunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; ayn\u0131 zamanda kendi g\u00f6revi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan y\u00fcksek etik sorumluluk ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z h\u00e2kim, keyf\u00ee h\u00e2kim de\u011fildir. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z savc\u0131, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz g\u00fc\u00e7 kullanan savc\u0131 de\u011fildir. Yarg\u0131 mensubu, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tarafs\u0131zl\u0131kla, d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fckle ve insan haklar\u0131na sayg\u0131yla birlikte ta\u015f\u0131r. Meslek onuru da bu b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Yarg\u0131 g\u00f6revi, ki\u015fisel \u015f\u00f6hret, ideolojik duru\u015f, \u00e7\u0131kar ili\u015fkisi veya kurumsal g\u00fc\u00e7 g\u00f6sterisi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lamaz.<\/p>\n

Gerek\u00e7eli karar sorumlulu\u011fu bu noktada \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nemlidir. Yarg\u0131 karar\u0131n\u0131n gerek\u00e7esi, hem taraflar\u0131n karar\u0131 anlamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar hem \u00fcst denetim imk\u00e2n\u0131 verir hem de h\u00e2kimin keyf\u00ee karar vermedi\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. Gerek\u00e7esiz ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, denetlenemeyen takdire d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k yasa\u011f\u0131<\/h2>\n

Madde 91, \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 zedeleyen ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k ve yarg\u0131 g\u00f6revini etkileyecek menfaat ili\u015fkilerini yasaklar. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, yarg\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131z d\u0131\u015f m\u00fcdahaleye kar\u015f\u0131 de\u011fil, i\u00e7 yozla\u015fma riskine kar\u015f\u0131 da korunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini kabul eder.<\/p>\n

Bir h\u00e2kim veya savc\u0131, taraflardan biriyle menfaat ili\u015fkisi i\u00e7indeyse, belirli bir gruba ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k hissi karar\u0131n\u0131 etkiliyorsa veya yarg\u0131 g\u00f6reviyle ba\u011fda\u015fmayan \u00e7\u0131kar ili\u015fkileri ta\u015f\u0131yorsa, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrde kalsa bile tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k zedelenir. Yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, kamu g\u00fcveniyle birlikte var olur.<\/p>\n

Yarg\u0131 mensubunun karar verirken yaln\u0131z hukuka ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011funa toplumun inanmas\u0131 gerekir. Bu g\u00fcven, \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 kurallar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k, etkili ve denetlenebilir olmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Madde 91, bu sebeple menfaat ili\u015fkilerini anayasal d\u00fczeyde yasaklayarak yarg\u0131 g\u00f6revini korur.<\/p>\n

Mahkemelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hangi g\u00fcvencelerle ayakta kal\u0131r?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
G\u00fcvence Alan\u0131<\/th>\nMadde 91\u2019deki Anlam\u0131<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Karar ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/td>\nH\u00e2kim ve savc\u0131lar hukuka uygun vicdan\u00ee kanaatlerine g\u00f6re hareket eder.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
M\u00fcdahale yasa\u011f\u0131<\/td>\nEmir, talimat, tavsiye ve telkin yasakt\u0131r.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kararlar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131<\/td>\nYasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme ve idare mahkeme kararlar\u0131n\u0131 geciktiremez veya etkisizle\u015ftiremez.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
G\u00f6r\u00fclmekte olan davalar<\/td>\nYarg\u0131lamay\u0131 etkileyecek g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme, karar, bildirim, talimat veya bask\u0131 olu\u015fturulamaz.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Meslek teminat\u0131<\/td>\nAzil, erken emeklilik ve \u00f6zl\u00fck hakk\u0131 kayb\u0131 yasaklan\u0131r.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Meslek i\u015flemleri<\/td>\nLiyakat, savunma, gerek\u00e7elilik, do\u011fal h\u00e2kim ve yarg\u0131 denetimi g\u00fcvenceleri uygulan\u0131r.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Etik sorumluluk<\/td>\n\u00c7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 zedeleyen ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k yasakt\u0131r.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Bu tablo, mahkemelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkesinin yaln\u0131z tek bir c\u00fcmleden ibaret olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; karar, uygulama, meslek g\u00fcvencesi, etik sorumluluk ve yarg\u0131 denetimiyle birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan \u00e7ok katmanl\u0131 bir anayasal yap\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

Vatanda\u015f i\u00e7in ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z mahkeme ne demektir?<\/h2>\n

Mahkemelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, vatanda\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan soyut bir yarg\u0131 ilkesi de\u011fildir. Vatanda\u015f mahkemeye ba\u015fvurdu\u011funda, kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kimin oldu\u011funa bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n hukuka g\u00f6re karar verilece\u011fine g\u00fcvenmek ister. Davan\u0131n taraf\u0131 idare, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015firket, kamu g\u00f6revlisi, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun destekledi\u011fi bir ki\u015fi veya kamuoyunda tepki \u00e7eken biri olabilir. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z mahkeme, taraflar\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcne g\u00f6re de\u011fil, hukuka g\u00f6re karar verir.<\/p>\n

Madde 91 vatanda\u015f i\u00e7in \u015fu g\u00fcvenceleri sa\u011flar:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Dosyaya g\u00f6re karar:<\/strong> H\u00e2kim ve savc\u0131lar hukuka uygun vicdan\u00ee kanaatlerine g\u00f6re hareket eder.<\/li>\n
  • D\u0131\u015f bask\u0131 yasa\u011f\u0131:<\/strong> Hi\u00e7bir makam yarg\u0131ya emir, talimat, tavsiye veya telkinde bulunamaz.<\/li>\n
  • Karar\u0131n etkili olmas\u0131:<\/strong> Kamu makamlar\u0131 mahkeme kararlar\u0131n\u0131 uygulamak zorundad\u0131r.<\/li>\n
  • Devam eden davan\u0131n korunmas\u0131:<\/strong> G\u00f6r\u00fclmekte olan davalar hakk\u0131nda bask\u0131 olu\u015fturulamaz.<\/li>\n
  • Teminatl\u0131 yarg\u0131 mensubu:<\/strong> H\u00e2kim ve savc\u0131lar keyf\u00ee azil veya \u00f6zl\u00fck hakk\u0131 kayb\u0131yla tehdit edilemez.<\/li>\n
  • Gerek\u00e7eli adalet:<\/strong> Yarg\u0131 g\u00f6revi insan haklar\u0131na sayg\u0131 ve gerek\u00e7eli karar sorumlulu\u011fuyla y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Bu g\u00fcvenceler, vatanda\u015f\u0131n mahkemeye yaln\u0131z ba\u015fvuru yapmas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, mahkemeden ger\u00e7ek ve etkili adalet bekleyebilmesini sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

    Sonu\u00e7: Mahkemelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hukuk devletinin karar merkezidir<\/h2>\n

    Mahkemelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde yarg\u0131 yetkisinin hi\u00e7bir organ, makam, merci veya ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6nlendirilememesini g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na alan temel h\u00fck\u00fcmlerden biridir. Madde 91, h\u00e2kimler ve savc\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6revlerinde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z oldu\u011funu; Anayasaya, kanuna ve hukuka uygun vicdan\u00ee kanaatlerine g\u00f6re karar verece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtir. Emir, talimat, tavsiye ve telkin yasa\u011f\u0131, yarg\u0131ya m\u00fcdahalenin hem a\u00e7\u0131k hem dolayl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerini engeller.<\/p>\n

    Bu maddenin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc taraflar\u0131ndan biri, mahkeme kararlar\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k g\u00fcvencesinin par\u00e7as\u0131 h\u00e2line getirmesidir. Yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme ve idare mahkeme kararlar\u0131na uymak zorundad\u0131r; kararlar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftiremez, geciktiremez veya fiilen sonu\u00e7suz b\u0131rakamaz. G\u00f6r\u00fclmekte olan davalar hakk\u0131nda yarg\u0131 yetkisinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 etkileyecek g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme, karar, bildirim, talimat veya bask\u0131 olu\u015fturulamaz.<\/p>\n

    Sonu\u00e7 olarak Madde 91, yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yaln\u0131z mahkeme salonundaki karar an\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rlamaz. H\u00e2kimlik ve savc\u0131l\u0131k teminat\u0131, azlolunamama, erken emeklili\u011fe zorlanamama, \u00f6zl\u00fck haklar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131, meslek i\u015flemlerinde savunma ve yarg\u0131 denetimi, do\u011fal h\u00e2kim g\u00fcvencesi, gerek\u00e7eli karar sorumlulu\u011fu ve \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 yasa\u011f\u0131 bu b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn par\u00e7alar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle mahkemelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu anayasa modelinde hukuka uygun vicdan\u00ee kanaat, tarafs\u0131z yarg\u0131lama, etkili karar uygulamas\u0131, h\u00e2kimlik-savc\u0131l\u0131k teminat\u0131 ve insan haklar\u0131na sayg\u0131l\u0131 adalet<\/strong> \u00fczerine kurulu temel yarg\u0131 g\u00fcvencesidir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Mahkemelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, adaletin yaln\u0131z kanun metinlerinde de\u011fil, ger\u00e7ek yarg\u0131lama an\u0131nda da korunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan temel anayasal g\u00fcvencedir. Bir mahkeme, karar verirken y\u00fcr\u00fctmeden, yasamadan, idareden, medya bask\u0131s\u0131ndan, ki\u015fisel ili\u015fkilerden, \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7evrelerinden veya kurumsal telkinlerden etkileniyorsa, orada yarg\u0131 yetkisi ger\u00e7ek anlamda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z kullan\u0131lm\u0131yor demektir. H\u00e2kimler ve savc\u0131lar, g\u00f6revlerinde Anayasaya, kanuna ve hukuka uygun vicdan\u00ee kanaatlerine g\u00f6re hareket etmelidir. Bu nedenle mahkemelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, yaln\u0131z h\u00e2kimlerin ki\u015fisel g\u00fcvencesi de\u011fil; vatanda\u015f\u0131n adil yarg\u0131lanma, hukuk\u00ee g\u00fcvenlik, mahkemeye eri\u015fim ve tarafs\u0131z karar beklentisinin anayasal zeminidir. Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde Madde 91, mahkemelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkesini \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131k bir yasak diliyle kurar. Hi\u00e7bir organ, makam, merci veya ki\u015fi yarg\u0131 yetkisinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131nda mahkemelere ve yarg\u0131 mensuplar\u0131na emir, talimat, tavsiye veya telkinde bulunamaz. Bu ifade yaln\u0131z do\u011frudan emirleri de\u011fil, dolayl\u0131 y\u00f6nlendirmeleri de kapsar. Yarg\u0131 yetkisi, d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan gelen beklentiye g\u00f6re de\u011fil, dosyaya, delile, hukuka ve vicdan\u00ee kanaate g\u00f6re kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Madde 91\u2019in ikinci g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc y\u00f6n\u00fc, mahkeme kararlar\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 anayasal zorunluluk h\u00e2line getirmesidir. Yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme ve idare mahkeme kararlar\u0131na uymak zorundad\u0131r; kararlar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftiremez, geciktiremez veya fiilen sonu\u00e7suz b\u0131rakamaz. B\u00f6ylece mahkemelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaln\u0131z karar verme a\u015famas\u0131nda de\u011fil, karar\u0131n hayata ge\u00e7irilmesi a\u015famas\u0131nda da korunur. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc uygulanmayan mahkeme karar\u0131, k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde kalan adalet demektir. Madde 91 \u2013 Mahkemelerin Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, H\u00e2kimlik ve Savc\u0131l\u0131k Teminat\u0131 ile Mesle\u011fi H\u00e2kimler ve savc\u0131lar g\u00f6revlerinde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zd\u0131r; Anayasaya, kanuna ve hukuka uygun vicdan\u00ee kanaatlerine g\u00f6re karar verir. Hi\u00e7bir organ, makam, merci veya ki\u015fi yarg\u0131 yetkisinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131nda mahkemelere ve yarg\u0131 mensuplar\u0131na emir, talimat, tavsiye veya telkinde bulunamaz. Yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme ve idare mahkeme kararlar\u0131na uymak zorundad\u0131r; kararlar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftiremez, geciktiremez veya fiilen sonu\u00e7suz b\u0131rakamaz. G\u00f6r\u00fclmekte olan davalar hakk\u0131nda yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme ve idare organlar\u0131, yarg\u0131 yetkisinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 etkileyecek g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme, karar, bildirim, talimat veya bask\u0131 olu\u015fturamaz. H\u00e2kimler ve savc\u0131lar azlolunamaz; kendileri istemedik\u00e7e Anayasada g\u00f6sterilen ya\u015ftan \u00f6nce emekliye ayr\u0131lamaz ve bir mahkemenin veya kadronun kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 sebebiyle \u00f6zl\u00fck haklar\u0131ndan yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131lamaz. H\u00e2kimlik ve savc\u0131l\u0131k teminat\u0131 kanunla zay\u0131flat\u0131lamaz. H\u00e2kim ve savc\u0131lar\u0131n meslek i\u015flemleri 91. ve 119. maddelerdeki ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, teminat, liyakat, savunma, gerek\u00e7elilik, do\u011fal h\u00e2kim ve yarg\u0131 denetimi g\u00fcvencelerine tabidir. H\u00e2kimler ve savc\u0131lar g\u00f6revlerini d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, meslek onuru, insan haklar\u0131na sayg\u0131 ve gerek\u00e7eli karar sorumlulu\u011fu i\u00e7inde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcr. \u00c7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 zedeleyen ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k ve yarg\u0131 g\u00f6revini etkileyecek menfaat ili\u015fkileri yasakt\u0131r. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z yarg\u0131 karar an\u0131nda ba\u015flar Mahkemelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, en g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr anlam\u0131n\u0131 karar an\u0131nda kazan\u0131r. H\u00e2kim, \u00f6n\u00fcndeki dosyada hangi karar\u0131n hukuka uygun oldu\u011funa kanaat getirirken; kamuoyu beklentisine, y\u00fcr\u00fctme bask\u0131s\u0131na, yasama \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funa, idari talimata, mesleki kayg\u0131ya veya ki\u015fisel menfaat ili\u015fkisine g\u00f6re hareket edemez. Karar\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131 dosya, delil, kanun, Anayasa, hukuk ilkeleri ve vicdan\u00ee kanaattir. Madde 91\u2019de ge\u00e7en \u201chukuka uygun vicdan\u00ee kanaat\u201d ifadesi \u00f6nemlidir. Vicdan\u00ee kanaat, h\u00e2kimin keyf\u00ee duygusu de\u011fildir. Hukuka uygun vicdan\u00ee kanaat; delillerin de\u011ferlendirilmesi, usul g\u00fcvencelerine uyulmas\u0131, kanunun yorumlanmas\u0131 ve adalet duygusunun hukuk i\u00e7inde somutla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z takdir de\u011fil; d\u0131\u015f bask\u0131dan ar\u0131nm\u0131\u015f hukuk\u00ee de\u011ferlendirme yetkisidir. BM\u2019nin yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin temel ilkeleri, yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n devlet taraf\u0131ndan g\u00fcvenceye al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve \u00fclkenin Anayasas\u0131 veya hukukunda yer almas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirtir. Madde 91\u2019in mahkemelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkesini do\u011frudan anayasal h\u00fck\u00fcm olarak yazmas\u0131 da bu temel anlay\u0131\u015fla uyumludur. Emir, talimat, tavsiye ve telkin yasa\u011f\u0131 neden birlikte say\u0131l\u0131r? Madde 91 yaln\u0131z \u201cemir\u201d ve \u201ctalimat\u201d yasa\u011f\u0131 koymaz; ayn\u0131 zamanda tavsiye ve telkini de yasaklar. Bu bilin\u00e7li tercih, yarg\u0131ya m\u00fcdahalenin her zaman a\u00e7\u0131k emir \u015feklinde gelmedi\u011fini kabul eder. Yarg\u0131 mensubuna do\u011frudan \u201c\u015fu karar\u0131 ver\u201d denilmesi a\u00e7\u0131k m\u00fcdahaledir. Fakat \u201cbu dosyada hassas davran\u0131lmas\u0131 bekleniyor\u201d, \u201ckurumun g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc bu y\u00f6ndedir\u201d, \u201c\u015fu karar kamu d\u00fczeni a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan daha uygun olur\u201d gibi ifadeler de yarg\u0131 yetkisini etkileyen telkinlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilir. Mahkemelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, yaln\u0131z kaba m\u00fcdahaleye kar\u015f\u0131 de\u011fil, yumu\u015fak bask\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerine kar\u015f\u0131 da korunmal\u0131d\u0131r. Tavsiye ve telkin yasa\u011f\u0131 bu nedenle \u00f6nemlidir. Yarg\u0131 mensubunun karar alan\u0131na hi\u00e7bir organ, makam, merci veya ki\u015fi y\u00f6n veremez. Yarg\u0131laman\u0131n sonucu, kurumsal beklentiye g\u00f6re de\u011fil, hukuka g\u00f6re belirlenir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, yarg\u0131 mensubunu yaln\u0131z d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan gelen siyasi bask\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 de\u011fil, idari hiyerar\u015fi, kapal\u0131 meslek \u00e7evresi veya d\u00f6nemsel kamuoyu bask\u0131s\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda da korur. Yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, mahkeme salonunun kap\u0131s\u0131nda ba\u015flayan ve karar\u0131n gerek\u00e7esinde tamamlanan bir anayasal g\u00fcvenlik alan\u0131d\u0131r. Mahkeme karar\u0131na uymak devlet organlar\u0131 i\u00e7in se\u00e7enek de\u011fildir Madde 91\u2019in ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131, yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme ve idarenin mahkeme kararlar\u0131na uymak zorunda oldu\u011funu belirtir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, hukuk devletinin en pratik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bir \u00fclkede mahkemeler karar veriyor fakat kamu makamlar\u0131 bu kararlar\u0131 uygulam\u0131yor, geciktiriyor veya etkisizle\u015ftiriyorsa, yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 fiilen zay\u0131flar. Karar\u0131 uygulamamak kadar, karar\u0131 bi\u00e7imsel olarak uygulay\u0131p sonucunu de\u011fi\u015ftirmek de sak\u0131ncal\u0131d\u0131r. Madde 91 bu nedenle \u201cuygulamay\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirme, geciktirme veya fiilen sonu\u00e7suz b\u0131rakma\u201d yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a yazar. \u0130dare, mahkeme karar\u0131n\u0131n etraf\u0131ndan dolanamaz. Y\u00fcr\u00fctme, karar\u0131 etkisizle\u015ftiren yeni i\u015flem kuramaz. Yasama, g\u00f6r\u00fclmekte olan veya sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015f somut kararlar\u0131n etkisini ortadan kald\u0131racak bi\u00e7imde hukuki g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sarsamaz. Venedik Komisyonunun hukuk devleti kontrol listesi, hukuka eri\u015fim, yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131n\u0131n etkili uygulanmas\u0131, kanunilik ve yetkinin k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi gibi ilkeleri hukuk devleti de\u011ferlendirmesinde \u00f6nemli g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Madde 91\u2019de mahkeme kararlar\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131na verilen anayasal \u00f6nem, bu hukuk devleti mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frudan sonucudur. G\u00f6r\u00fclmekte olan davalar hakk\u0131nda bask\u0131 yasa\u011f\u0131 Madde 91, g\u00f6r\u00fclmekte olan davalar hakk\u0131nda yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme ve idare organlar\u0131n\u0131n yarg\u0131 yetkisinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 etkileyecek g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme, karar, bildirim, talimat veya bask\u0131 olu\u015fturamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenler. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, yarg\u0131laman\u0131n devam etti\u011fi s\u00fcre\u00e7te mahkemenin d\u0131\u015f etkilerden korunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. G\u00f6r\u00fclmekte olan dava hakk\u0131nda yap\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131klama veya kurumsal bildirim, bazen do\u011frudan talimat kadar etkili olabilir. \u00d6zellikle y\u00fcksek profilli davalarda kamu makamlar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131, mahkeme \u00fczerinde bask\u0131 olu\u015fturabilir veya taraflardan birini g\u00fc\u00e7lendiren alg\u0131 do\u011furabilir. Madde 91, bu t\u00fcr m\u00fcdahaleleri yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Bu yasak, kamu makamlar\u0131n\u0131n hukuk hakk\u0131nda hi\u00e7 konu\u015famayaca\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmez. Ancak devam eden somut yarg\u0131lama \u00fczerinde karar y\u00f6nlendiren, h\u00e2kimi bask\u0131 alt\u0131na alan veya yarg\u0131 yetkisinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 etkilemeye elveri\u015fli a\u00e7\u0131klamalar yap\u0131lamaz. Yarg\u0131lama, mahkeme salonunda ve usul kurallar\u0131 i\u00e7inde y\u00fcr\u00fcmelidir. H\u00e2kimlik ve savc\u0131l\u0131k teminat\u0131 neyi korur? Mahkemelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, yaln\u0131z soyut ilke olarak yaz\u0131l\u0131rsa yeterli olmaz. H\u00e2kim ve savc\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6rev g\u00fcvencesi yoksa, karar ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da k\u0131r\u0131lgan h\u00e2le gelir. Madde 91 bu nedenle h\u00e2kimler ve savc\u0131lar\u0131n azlolunamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, kendileri istemedik\u00e7e Anayasada g\u00f6sterilen ya\u015ftan \u00f6nce emekliye ayr\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve mahkemenin veya kadronun kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 sebebiyle \u00f6zl\u00fck haklar\u0131ndan yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenler. Bu teminatlar, h\u00e2kim ve savc\u0131y\u0131 ki\u015fisel ayr\u0131cal\u0131kla donatmak i\u00e7in de\u011fil, yarg\u0131 g\u00f6revini korumak i\u00e7in vard\u0131r. Bir h\u00e2kim verdi\u011fi karar nedeniyle g\u00f6revden al\u0131nma, erken emeklilik, kadro kald\u0131rma veya \u00f6zl\u00fck hakk\u0131 kayb\u0131 tehdidiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kal\u0131rsa, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z karar verme kapasitesi zay\u0131flar. CCJE\u2019nin h\u00e2kimlerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin belgeleri, Avrupa Konseyi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde h\u00e2kimlerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yetkinli\u011fi \u00fczerine haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri ve Magna Carta metnini bir araya getirir. Madde 91\u2019deki h\u00e2kimlik ve savc\u0131l\u0131k teminat\u0131 da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z yarg\u0131n\u0131n ki\u015fisel de\u011fil kurumsal g\u00fcvencelere ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. Mahkeme veya kadro kald\u0131r\u0131larak teminat a\u015f\u0131labilir mi? Madde 91, bir mahkemenin veya kadronun kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 sebebiyle h\u00e2kim ve savc\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6zl\u00fck haklar\u0131ndan yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zellikle belirtir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, teminat\u0131n dolan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc do\u011frudan g\u00f6revden alma yasak olsa bile, mahkeme veya kadro kald\u0131rma yoluyla benzer sonu\u00e7 \u00fcretilebilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin bir h\u00e2kimi kararlar\u0131 nedeniyle do\u011frudan g\u00f6revden almak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011filse, g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 mahkemenin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 veya kadronun yeniden d\u00fczenlenmesi yoluyla fiil\u00ee bask\u0131 kurulabilir. Madde 91 bu ihtimali kapat\u0131r. Kurumsal yeniden d\u00fczenleme yap\u0131labilir; fakat bu d\u00fczenleme h\u00e2kimlik ve savc\u0131l\u0131k teminat\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131racak ara\u00e7 h\u00e2line getirilemez. Bu g\u00fcvence, yarg\u0131 te\u015fkilat\u0131nda yap\u0131lacak de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin de hukuka uygun, genel, nesnel ve teminat\u0131 koruyan bi\u00e7imde yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir. Te\u015fkilat reformu, yarg\u0131 mensubu \u00fczerinde bask\u0131 arac\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmemelidir. Meslek i\u015flemleri karar i\u00e7eri\u011fine g\u00f6re yap\u0131lamaz Madde 91, h\u00e2kim ve savc\u0131lar\u0131n meslek i\u015flemlerini 91. ve 119. maddelerdeki ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, teminat, liyakat, savunma, gerek\u00e7elilik, do\u011fal h\u00e2kim ve yarg\u0131 denetimi g\u00fcvencelerine ba\u011flar. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, atama, terfi, nakil, disiplin, sicil veya mesleki de\u011ferlendirme i\u015flemlerinin karar i\u00e7eri\u011fini cezaland\u0131rma arac\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesini \u00f6nler. Yarg\u0131 mensubunun mesleki performans\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilebilir; fakat \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct, karar\u0131n idarenin veya \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun ho\u015funa gidip gitmemesi olamaz. Makul s\u00fcrede yarg\u0131lama, gerek\u00e7eli karar kalitesi, usul g\u00fcvencelerine uyum, etik davran\u0131\u015f, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k ve hizmet d\u00fczeni elbette \u00f6nemlidir. Ancak yarg\u0131sal kanaat nedeniyle \u00f6d\u00fcl, ceza, yer de\u011fi\u015ftirme veya mesleki bask\u0131 uygulanamaz. Bu sistem, h\u00e2kim ve savc\u0131lar\u0131n hem hesap verebilir hem ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, meslek\u00ee denetimden tamamen muafiyet de\u011fildir. Fakat denetim, yarg\u0131sal takdirin i\u00e7eri\u011fini y\u00f6nlendirme veya cezaland\u0131rma arac\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015femez. Do\u011fal h\u00e2kim g\u00fcvencesi yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n neresindedir? Madde 91\u2019in meslek i\u015flemleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan do\u011fal h\u00e2kim g\u00fcvencesine at\u0131f yapmas\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir. Do\u011fal h\u00e2kim ilkesi, ki\u015finin \u00f6nceden kurulmu\u015f, g\u00f6rev ve yetkisi kanunla belirlenmi\u015f mahkeme \u00f6n\u00fcnde yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder. Bu ilke, davaya g\u00f6re mahkeme veya h\u00e2kim belirlenmesini engeller. Mahkemelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaln\u0131z h\u00e2kimin d\u0131\u015f bask\u0131dan korunmas\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda dosyan\u0131n hangi mahkemeye, hangi usulle ve hangi \u00f6nceden belirlenmi\u015f kurallarla gidece\u011fi de \u00f6nemlidir. E\u011fer mahkeme d\u00fczeni dosyaya g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015ftirilebiliyorsa, yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 zedelenir. Bu nedenle do\u011fal h\u00e2kim g\u00fcvencesi, yarg\u0131 te\u015fkilat\u0131 ve meslek i\u015flemleriyle birlikte d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmelidir. H\u00e2kimlerin atama, nakil veya g\u00f6revlendirme s\u00fcre\u00e7leri, belirli davalar\u0131n sonucunu etkileyecek bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131lamaz. D\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k ve meslek onuru Madde 91, h\u00e2kimler ve savc\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6revlerini d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, meslek onuru, insan haklar\u0131na sayg\u0131 ve gerek\u00e7eli karar sorumlulu\u011fu i\u00e7inde y\u00fcr\u00fctece\u011fini belirtir. Bu c\u00fcmle, yarg\u0131 mensubunun yaln\u0131z d\u0131\u015f m\u00fcdahaleden korunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; ayn\u0131 zamanda kendi g\u00f6revi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan y\u00fcksek etik sorumluluk ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z h\u00e2kim, keyf\u00ee h\u00e2kim de\u011fildir. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z savc\u0131, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz g\u00fc\u00e7 kullanan savc\u0131 de\u011fildir. Yarg\u0131 mensubu, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tarafs\u0131zl\u0131kla, d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fckle ve insan haklar\u0131na sayg\u0131yla birlikte ta\u015f\u0131r. Meslek onuru da bu b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Yarg\u0131 g\u00f6revi, ki\u015fisel \u015f\u00f6hret, ideolojik duru\u015f, \u00e7\u0131kar ili\u015fkisi veya kurumsal g\u00fc\u00e7 g\u00f6sterisi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lamaz. Gerek\u00e7eli karar sorumlulu\u011fu bu noktada \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nemlidir. Yarg\u0131 karar\u0131n\u0131n gerek\u00e7esi, hem taraflar\u0131n karar\u0131 anlamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar hem \u00fcst denetim imk\u00e2n\u0131 verir hem de h\u00e2kimin keyf\u00ee karar vermedi\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. Gerek\u00e7esiz ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, denetlenemeyen takdire d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilir. \u00c7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k yasa\u011f\u0131 Madde 91, \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 zedeleyen ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k ve yarg\u0131 g\u00f6revini etkileyecek menfaat ili\u015fkilerini yasaklar. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, yarg\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131z d\u0131\u015f m\u00fcdahaleye kar\u015f\u0131 de\u011fil, i\u00e7 yozla\u015fma riskine kar\u015f\u0131 da korunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini kabul eder. Bir h\u00e2kim veya savc\u0131, taraflardan biriyle menfaat ili\u015fkisi i\u00e7indeyse, belirli bir gruba ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k hissi karar\u0131n\u0131 etkiliyorsa veya yarg\u0131 g\u00f6reviyle ba\u011fda\u015fmayan \u00e7\u0131kar ili\u015fkileri ta\u015f\u0131yorsa, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrde kalsa bile tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k zedelenir. Yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, kamu g\u00fcveniyle birlikte var olur. Yarg\u0131 mensubunun karar verirken yaln\u0131z hukuka ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011funa toplumun inanmas\u0131 gerekir. Bu g\u00fcven, \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 kurallar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k, etkili ve denetlenebilir olmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Madde 91, bu sebeple menfaat ili\u015fkilerini anayasal d\u00fczeyde yasaklayarak yarg\u0131 g\u00f6revini korur. Mahkemelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hangi g\u00fcvencelerle ayakta kal\u0131r? G\u00fcvence Alan\u0131 Madde 91\u2019deki Anlam\u0131 Karar ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 H\u00e2kim ve savc\u0131lar hukuka uygun vicdan\u00ee kanaatlerine g\u00f6re hareket eder. M\u00fcdahale yasa\u011f\u0131 Emir, talimat, tavsiye ve telkin yasakt\u0131r. Kararlar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 Yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme ve idare mahkeme kararlar\u0131n\u0131 geciktiremez veya etkisizle\u015ftiremez. G\u00f6r\u00fclmekte olan davalar Yarg\u0131lamay\u0131 etkileyecek g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme, karar, bildirim, talimat veya bask\u0131 olu\u015fturulamaz. Meslek teminat\u0131 Azil, erken emeklilik ve \u00f6zl\u00fck hakk\u0131 kayb\u0131 yasaklan\u0131r. Meslek i\u015flemleri Liyakat, savunma, gerek\u00e7elilik, do\u011fal h\u00e2kim ve yarg\u0131 denetimi g\u00fcvenceleri uygulan\u0131r. Etik sorumluluk \u00c7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 zedeleyen ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k yasakt\u0131r. Bu tablo, mahkemelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkesinin yaln\u0131z tek bir c\u00fcmleden ibaret olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; karar, uygulama, meslek g\u00fcvencesi, etik sorumluluk ve yarg\u0131 denetimiyle birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan \u00e7ok katmanl\u0131 bir anayasal yap\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. Vatanda\u015f i\u00e7in ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z mahkeme ne demektir? Mahkemelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, vatanda\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan soyut bir yarg\u0131 ilkesi de\u011fildir. Vatanda\u015f mahkemeye ba\u015fvurdu\u011funda, kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kimin oldu\u011funa bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n hukuka g\u00f6re karar verilece\u011fine g\u00fcvenmek ister. Davan\u0131n taraf\u0131 idare, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015firket, kamu g\u00f6revlisi, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun destekledi\u011fi bir ki\u015fi veya kamuoyunda tepki \u00e7eken biri olabilir. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z mahkeme, taraflar\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcne g\u00f6re de\u011fil, hukuka g\u00f6re karar verir. Madde 91 vatanda\u015f i\u00e7in \u015fu g\u00fcvenceleri sa\u011flar: Dosyaya g\u00f6re karar: H\u00e2kim ve savc\u0131lar hukuka uygun vicdan\u00ee kanaatlerine g\u00f6re hareket eder. D\u0131\u015f bask\u0131 yasa\u011f\u0131: Hi\u00e7bir makam yarg\u0131ya emir, talimat, tavsiye veya telkinde bulunamaz. Karar\u0131n etkili olmas\u0131: Kamu makamlar\u0131 mahkeme kararlar\u0131n\u0131 uygulamak zorundad\u0131r. Devam eden davan\u0131n korunmas\u0131: G\u00f6r\u00fclmekte olan davalar hakk\u0131nda bask\u0131 olu\u015fturulamaz. Teminatl\u0131 yarg\u0131 mensubu: H\u00e2kim ve savc\u0131lar keyf\u00ee azil veya \u00f6zl\u00fck hakk\u0131 kayb\u0131yla tehdit edilemez. Gerek\u00e7eli adalet: Yarg\u0131 g\u00f6revi insan haklar\u0131na sayg\u0131 ve gerek\u00e7eli karar sorumlulu\u011fuyla y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu g\u00fcvenceler, vatanda\u015f\u0131n mahkemeye yaln\u0131z ba\u015fvuru yapmas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, mahkemeden ger\u00e7ek ve etkili adalet bekleyebilmesini sa\u011flar. Sonu\u00e7: Mahkemelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hukuk devletinin karar merkezidir Mahkemelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde yarg\u0131 yetkisinin hi\u00e7bir organ, makam, merci veya ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6nlendirilememesini g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na alan temel h\u00fck\u00fcmlerden biridir. Madde 91, h\u00e2kimler ve savc\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6revlerinde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z oldu\u011funu; Anayasaya, kanuna ve hukuka uygun vicdan\u00ee kanaatlerine g\u00f6re karar verece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtir. Emir, talimat, tavsiye ve telkin yasa\u011f\u0131, yarg\u0131ya m\u00fcdahalenin hem a\u00e7\u0131k hem dolayl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerini engeller. Bu maddenin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc taraflar\u0131ndan biri, mahkeme kararlar\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k g\u00fcvencesinin par\u00e7as\u0131 h\u00e2line getirmesidir. Yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme ve idare mahkeme kararlar\u0131na uymak zorundad\u0131r; kararlar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftiremez, geciktiremez veya fiilen sonu\u00e7suz b\u0131rakamaz. G\u00f6r\u00fclmekte olan davalar hakk\u0131nda yarg\u0131 yetkisinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 etkileyecek g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme, karar, bildirim, talimat veya bask\u0131 olu\u015fturulamaz. Sonu\u00e7 olarak Madde 91, yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yaln\u0131z mahkeme salonundaki karar an\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rlamaz. H\u00e2kimlik ve savc\u0131l\u0131k teminat\u0131, azlolunamama, erken emeklili\u011fe zorlanamama, \u00f6zl\u00fck haklar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131, meslek i\u015flemlerinde savunma ve yarg\u0131 denetimi, do\u011fal h\u00e2kim g\u00fcvencesi, gerek\u00e7eli karar sorumlulu\u011fu ve \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 yasa\u011f\u0131 bu b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn par\u00e7alar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle mahkemelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu anayasa modelinde hukuka uygun vicdan\u00ee kanaat, tarafs\u0131z yarg\u0131lama, etkili karar uygulamas\u0131, h\u00e2kimlik-savc\u0131l\u0131k teminat\u0131 ve insan haklar\u0131na sayg\u0131l\u0131 adalet \u00fczerine kurulu temel yarg\u0131 g\u00fcvencesidir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":344,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-343","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-yargi-ve-anayasal-denetim"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/343","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=343"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/343\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":345,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/343\/revisions\/345"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/344"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=343"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=343"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=343"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}