{"id":337,"date":"2026-06-19T07:58:09","date_gmt":"2026-06-19T07:58:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/?p=337"},"modified":"2026-06-19T07:58:09","modified_gmt":"2026-06-19T07:58:09","slug":"meslek-kuruluslari-madde-89","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/meslek-kuruluslari-madde-89\/","title":{"rendered":"Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131\u2019nda Meslek Kurulu\u015flar\u0131 (Madde 89)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131<\/strong>, bir mesle\u011fin yaln\u0131z \u00f6zel \u00e7\u0131kar alan\u0131 olarak de\u011fil; kamu yarar\u0131, meslek ahlak\u0131, g\u00fcvenli hizmet, ehliyet, disiplin ve \u00fcyelerin ortak ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan d\u00fczenlenmesini sa\u011flayan \u00f6zel nitelikli kamu t\u00fczel ki\u015fileridir. Avukatl\u0131k, hekimlik, m\u00fchendislik, mimarl\u0131k, eczac\u0131l\u0131k, mali m\u00fc\u015favirlik veya benzeri meslek alanlar\u0131nda hizmetin kalitesi yaln\u0131z meslek mensubunu de\u011fil, do\u011frudan toplumu ilgilendirir. Bu nedenle meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131, \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131nda dayan\u0131\u015fma kuran s\u0131radan derneklerden farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Kanunla kurulur, kamu t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131r, mesleki standard\u0131 korur ve belirli durumlarda \u00fcyelik, disiplin, aidat ya da mesleki faaliyetten ge\u00e7ici men gibi yetkiler kullanabilir.<\/p>\n

Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131<\/a> i\u00e7inde Madde 89, meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131 i\u00e7in iki y\u00f6nl\u00fc bir denge kurar. Bir yandan bu kurulu\u015flar\u0131n meslek mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n ortak ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131, mesleki faaliyeti kamu yarar\u0131na d\u00fczenlemesini, meslek disiplini ve ahlak\u0131n\u0131 korumas\u0131n\u0131 kabul eder. Di\u011fer yandan bu yetkilerin \u00fcye iradesini, meslek \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131, kamusal ele\u015ftiriyi ve yarg\u0131 g\u00fcvencesini zedeleyecek bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller. B\u00f6ylece meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131, hem mesleki kaliteyi koruyan hem de \u00fcyeleri \u00fczerinde keyf\u00ee g\u00fc\u00e7 kuramayan anayasal kurumlar olarak d\u00fczenlenir.<\/p>\n

Madde 89\u2019un en \u00f6nemli taraf\u0131, disiplin ve \u00fcyelik yetkilerini a\u00e7\u0131k ama\u00e7 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na ba\u011flamas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dcyelik, disiplin, aidat ve meslekten ge\u00e7ici veya s\u00fcrekli men yetkileri yaln\u0131z mesle\u011fin g\u00fcvenli, ehil ve kamu yarar\u0131na uygun y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir. Mesleki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, kamusal ele\u015ftiri, sendikal tercih, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 veya siyasi kanaat disiplin sebebi yap\u0131lamaz. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan meslek ahlak\u0131 ile d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc<\/strong> birbirinden ay\u0131ran temel anayasal \u00e7izgidir.<\/p>\n

Madde 89 \u2013 Kamu Kurumu Niteli\u011findeki Meslek Kurulu\u015flar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kamu kurumu niteli\u011findeki meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131 ve \u00fcst kurulu\u015flar\u0131; meslek mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n ortak ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak, mesleki faaliyeti kamu yarar\u0131na d\u00fczenlemek, meslek disiplini ve ahlak\u0131n\u0131 korumak amac\u0131yla kanunla kurulan kamu t\u00fczel ki\u015fileridir. Bu kurulu\u015flar\u0131n organlar\u0131 \u00fcyeleri taraf\u0131ndan yarg\u0131 g\u00f6zetiminde ve gizli oyla se\u00e7ilir; y\u00f6netimde temsil adaleti, hesap verebilirlik ve \u00fcye iradesi esast\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00dcyelik, disiplin, aidat ve meslekten ge\u00e7ici veya s\u00fcrekli men yetkileri yaln\u0131z mesle\u011fin g\u00fcvenli, ehil ve kamu yarar\u0131na uygun y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir. Mesleki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, kamusal ele\u015ftiri, sendikal tercih, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 veya siyasi kanaat disiplin sebebi yap\u0131lamaz; mesle\u011fe giri\u015f ve mesle\u011fi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme hakk\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz s\u0131n\u0131rlanamaz.<\/p>\n

\u00dcyelik yaln\u0131zca mesle\u011fin g\u00fcvenli, ehil, etik ve kamu yarar\u0131na uygun y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in zorunlu oldu\u011fu kanunla a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6sterilen h\u00e2llerde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Bu kurulu\u015flar mesle\u011fe giri\u015f ve mesleki standartlar \u00fczerinde kamu yarar\u0131yla ba\u011fda\u015fmayan s\u0131n\u0131rlama kuramaz.<\/p>\n

Bu kurulu\u015flar ama\u00e7lar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda faaliyette bulunamaz, parti faaliyeti y\u00fcr\u00fctemez ve siyasi yap\u0131larla organik ba\u011f kuramaz.<\/p>\n

Mali yap\u0131, disiplin ve denetim s\u00fcre\u00e7leri savunma hakk\u0131, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z denetim ve yarg\u0131 yolu g\u00fcvencelerine tabidir. Mesleki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, kamusal ele\u015ftiri veya siyasi iktidardan farkl\u0131 kanaat tek ba\u015f\u0131na bu kapsamda de\u011ferlendirilemez.<\/p>\n

Bu kurulu\u015flar\u0131n organlar\u0131, se\u00e7imleri, \u00fcyelik \u015fartlar\u0131, mali yap\u0131s\u0131, disiplin ve denetim usulleri; \u00fcye iradesi, meslek \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, kamu yarar\u0131, savunma hakk\u0131 ve yarg\u0131 yolu korunarak kanunla d\u00fczenlenir.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131 ni\u00e7in kamu t\u00fczel ki\u015fisidir?<\/h2>\n

Meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131, yaln\u0131z \u00fcyelerinin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n\u0131 savunan \u00f6zel topluluklar de\u011fildir. Kanunla kurulan kamu t\u00fczel ki\u015fileri olmalar\u0131n\u0131n sebebi, mesleki faaliyetin topluma do\u011frudan etki etmesidir. Bir meslek alan\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck standart, yaln\u0131z meslek mensuplar\u0131 aras\u0131nda sorun do\u011furmaz; vatanda\u015f\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fini, sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, adalete eri\u015fimini veya kamu hizmetlerinden yararlanmas\u0131n\u0131 etkileyebilir.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle Madde 89, meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n amac\u0131n\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 temel alanda toplar: ortak ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak, mesleki faaliyeti kamu yarar\u0131na d\u00fczenlemek, meslek disiplini ve ahlak\u0131n\u0131 korumak. Bu ama\u00e7lar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan yetki, anayasal s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar. Meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131 mesleki kalite i\u00e7in vard\u0131r; \u00fcyeler \u00fczerinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, kanaat veya aidiyet bask\u0131s\u0131 kurmak i\u00e7in de\u011fil.<\/p>\n

Burada kamu t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fi, s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc anlam\u0131na gelmez. Tam tersine, kamu t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yan her kurum gibi meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131 da kanunilik, hesap verebilirlik, yarg\u0131 denetimi ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ilkelerine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00dcye iradesi ve gizli oy neden \u00f6zel olarak vurgulan\u0131r?<\/h2>\n

Madde 89, meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n organlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcyeleri taraf\u0131ndan yarg\u0131 g\u00f6zetiminde ve gizli oyla se\u00e7ilece\u011fini belirtir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n kendi \u00fcyeleri \u00fczerinde kapal\u0131 y\u00f6netim yap\u0131lar\u0131 olu\u015fturmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller. Meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131 \u00fcyelerin ortak mesleki iradesine dayanmal\u0131d\u0131r; y\u00f6netim, dar grup kontrol\u00fcne veya s\u00fcrekli ayn\u0131 \u00e7evrenin kapal\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyetine b\u0131rak\u0131lamaz.<\/p>\n

Gizli oy, \u00fcyenin bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda kalmadan tercih yapmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Yarg\u0131 g\u00f6zetimi ise se\u00e7im s\u00fcrecinin d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, itirazlar\u0131n denetlenmesini ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fini korur. Temsil adaleti, hesap verebilirlik ve \u00fcye iradesi bir araya geldi\u011finde meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131 \u00fcyelerine kar\u015f\u0131 daha me\u015fru ve daha denetlenebilir h\u00e2le gelir.<\/p>\n

Bu noktada meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131 i\u00e7in demokratik i\u00e7 i\u015fleyi\u015f hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu kurulu\u015flar \u00fcyelerden aidat alabilir, disiplin yetkisi kullanabilir, mesle\u011fe ili\u015fkin standartlar belirleyebilir. B\u00f6yle yetkileri olan bir kurumun y\u00f6netimi, \u00fcyelerin ger\u00e7ek iradesine dayanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Disiplin yetkisi meslek ahlak\u0131 i\u00e7indir, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce cezaland\u0131rmas\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011fil<\/h2>\n

Meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131 disiplin yetkisine sahip olabilir. Ancak Madde 89 bu yetkiyi \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131k \u015fekilde s\u0131n\u0131rlar. Disiplin, yaln\u0131z mesle\u011fin g\u00fcvenli, ehil ve kamu yarar\u0131na uygun y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131labilir. Bu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda disiplin yetkisi meslek ahlak\u0131n\u0131 koruma arac\u0131 olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar, \u00fcyeyi susturma arac\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Bir meslek mensubunun mesleki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, kamusal ele\u015ftirisi, sendikal tercihi, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 veya siyasi kanaati disiplin sebebi yap\u0131lamaz. Bu g\u00fcvence \u00f6nemlidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131, kamu t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00fcyeleri \u00fczerinde ciddi etkiye sahiptir. Meslekten ge\u00e7ici veya s\u00fcrekli men gibi yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar, ki\u015finin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hayat\u0131n\u0131 ve ge\u00e7imini do\u011frudan etkileyebilir.<\/p>\n

Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesinin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ili\u015fkin 11. madde rehberi<\/a>, \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu durumlara da dikkat \u00e7eker. Madde 89\u2019un disiplin s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 da bu a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6nemlidir: Meslek d\u00fczeni korunurken, me\u015fru ele\u015ftiri ve kanaat a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 cezaland\u0131r\u0131lamaz.<\/p>\n

Zorunlu \u00fcyelik ne zaman me\u015fru olabilir?<\/h2>\n

Madde 89, \u00fcyeli\u011fin yaln\u0131zca mesle\u011fin g\u00fcvenli, ehil, etik ve kamu yarar\u0131na uygun y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in zorunlu oldu\u011fu kanunla a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6sterilen h\u00e2llerde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilece\u011fini belirtir. Bu c\u00fcmle, zorunlu \u00fcyeli\u011fi otomatik ve s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir kural olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 mesleklerde kamu g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, mesleki ehliyet, etik denetim veya hizmet kalitesi i\u00e7in zorunlu \u00fcyelik gerekebilir. Ancak bu gereklilik kanunda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6sterilmelidir. \u201cMeslek kurulu\u015fu vard\u0131r, o h\u00e2lde herkes zorunlu \u00fcye olmal\u0131d\u0131r\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 yeterli de\u011fildir. Zorunlu \u00fcyelik, somut kamu yarar\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131klanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m meslek \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc korur. Bir ki\u015finin mesle\u011fe giri\u015f ve mesle\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme hakk\u0131, ancak kamu yarar\u0131yla orant\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilir. Meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131, mesle\u011fe giri\u015f \u00fczerinde kamu yarar\u0131yla ba\u011fda\u015fmayan engeller koyamaz. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, mesleki kalite ile meslek tekelle\u015fmesi aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7izgiyi ay\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Meslek standartlar\u0131 kamu yarar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015farsa ne olur?<\/h2>\n

Meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131 standart belirleyebilir; ancak bu standartlar mesle\u011fin g\u00fcvenli, ehil, etik ve kamu yarar\u0131na uygun y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesiyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Standart belirleme yetkisi, mesle\u011fe yeni girecek ki\u015fileri gereksiz yere d\u0131\u015flama veya mevcut \u00fcyelerin ekonomik konumunu koruma arac\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015femez.<\/p>\n

Mesleki standartlar kamu yarar\u0131yla uyumlu oldu\u011funda toplumu korur. \u00d6rne\u011fin yeterlilik, etik kurallar, mesleki e\u011fitim, denetim ve hizmet kalitesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan standartlar gereklidir. Fakat standartlar \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fczle\u015firse, mesle\u011fe giri\u015f zorla\u015f\u0131r, rekabet azal\u0131r, hizmet maliyeti artar ve gen\u00e7 meslek mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fc kapanabilir.<\/p>\n

OECD\u2019nin mesleki hizmetlerde rekabet engellerine ili\u015fkin incelemesi<\/a>, baz\u0131 mesleklerde d\u00fczenlemelerin rekabeti s\u0131n\u0131rlay\u0131c\u0131 etkilerini de\u011ferlendiren \u00f6rnekler sunar. Madde 89\u2019un meslek standartlar\u0131n\u0131 kamu yarar\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131, bu t\u00fcr \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz s\u0131n\u0131rlama risklerine kar\u015f\u0131 anayasal bir fren niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Parti faaliyeti ve organik ba\u011f yasa\u011f\u0131 neden gereklidir?<\/h2>\n

Madde 89, meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ama\u00e7lar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda faaliyette bulunamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, parti faaliyeti y\u00fcr\u00fctemeyece\u011fini ve siyasi yap\u0131larla organik ba\u011f kuramayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenler. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n kamu t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fi niteli\u011fiyle uyumludur. Meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131 mesle\u011fi d\u00fczenlemek i\u00e7in vard\u0131r; parti \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesinin uzant\u0131s\u0131 olmak i\u00e7in de\u011fil.<\/p>\n

Bu yasak, meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n kamusal konuda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131 tamamen ortadan kald\u0131rmaz. Madde zaten mesleki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ve kamusal ele\u015ftirinin disiplin sebebi yap\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a kabul eder. Ancak kamusal g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f a\u00e7\u0131klamak ile parti faaliyeti y\u00fcr\u00fctmek ayn\u0131 \u015fey de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Meslek kurulu\u015fu, mesle\u011fi ilgilendiren bir kanun, uygulama, kamu hizmeti veya etik sorun hakk\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131klama yapabilir. Fakat kurumsal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bir partinin kampanyas\u0131na, karar organ\u0131na, aday\u0131na veya \u00f6rg\u00fctsel faaliyetine ba\u011flayamaz. B\u00f6ylece kurulu\u015fun kamu t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fi, \u00fcyelerin farkl\u0131 kanaatlerini yok sayan dar bir siyasal ara\u00e7 h\u00e2line gelmez.<\/p>\n

Mali yap\u0131 ve aidat: hesap verilmeyen g\u00fc\u00e7 olmaz<\/h2>\n

Meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131 aidat toplayabilir ve mali kaynak kullanabilir. Madde 89, mali yap\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z denetim ve yarg\u0131 yolu g\u00fcvencelerine tabi olmas\u0131n\u0131 ister. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, \u00fcyelerin ekonomik y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri ile kurulu\u015fun mali sorumlulu\u011fu aras\u0131nda denge kurar.<\/p>\n

Aidat, mesleki hizmetleri y\u00fcr\u00fctmek, \u00fcyelerin ortak ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak ve kurulu\u015fun kanuni g\u00f6revlerini yerine getirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Aidat y\u00fck\u00fc \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz olursa, mesle\u011fi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme hakk\u0131 fiilen zorla\u015fabilir. Mali kaynaklar \u015feffaf kullan\u0131lmazsa, \u00fcyelerin g\u00fcveni zedelenir.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan mali hesap verebilirlik, yaln\u0131z muhasebe meselesi de\u011fildir. \u00dcye iradesi, temsil adaleti, aidat adaleti ve kurumsal me\u015fruiyet mali \u015feffafl\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Kamu t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yan bir meslek kurulu\u015fu, mali kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcyelerine ve hukuka kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir bi\u00e7imde y\u00f6netmelidir.<\/p>\n

Savunma hakk\u0131 olmadan disiplin olmaz<\/h2>\n

Madde 89, disiplin ve denetim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini savunma hakk\u0131, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z denetim ve yarg\u0131 yolu g\u00fcvencelerine ba\u011flar. Bu d\u00f6rt g\u00fcvence, meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n yapt\u0131r\u0131m yetkisini hukuk i\u00e7ine \u00e7eker.<\/p>\n

Savunma hakk\u0131, \u00fcyeye iddiay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenme ve cevap verme imk\u00e2n\u0131 sa\u011flar. \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck, yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n fiilin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla orant\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z denetim, disiplin s\u00fcrecinin kapal\u0131 grup iradesiyle \u015fekillenmesini \u00f6nler. Yarg\u0131 yolu ise meslek kurulu\u015funun kararlar\u0131n\u0131n son ve dokunulmaz olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

Venedik Komisyonunun hukuk devleti kontrol listesine ili\u015fkin a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131<\/a>, hukuk devletini kanunilik, hukuki g\u00fcvenlik, yetkinin k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi, e\u015fitlik ve adalete eri\u015fim gibi unsurlarla de\u011ferlendirir. Meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n disiplin yetkisi de bu hukuk devleti ilkeleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemez.<\/p>\n

Meslek \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile kamu yarar\u0131 nas\u0131l dengelenir?<\/h2>\n

Madde 89\u2019un tamam\u0131, meslek \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile kamu yarar\u0131 aras\u0131nda dikkatli bir denge kurar. Mesle\u011fe giri\u015f ve mesle\u011fi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme hakk\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz s\u0131n\u0131rlanamaz. Ancak mesleklerin g\u00fcvenli, ehil ve etik bi\u00e7imde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi de kamu yarar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan korunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu denge basit de\u011fildir. Tamamen serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lan meslek alanlar\u0131nda kalite ve g\u00fcvenlik sorunlar\u0131 do\u011fabilir. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fczenlenen meslek alanlar\u0131nda ise mesle\u011fe giri\u015f zorla\u015f\u0131r, rekabet azal\u0131r ve mevcut \u00fcyelerin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 kamu yarar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ebilir. Madde 89, meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131na yetki verirken bu yetkiyi ama\u00e7, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc, savunma hakk\u0131 ve yarg\u0131 yolu ile s\u0131n\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

OECD\u2019nin mesleki lisanslama ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hayat\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkileri inceleyen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131<\/a>, baz\u0131 d\u00fczenlemelerin g\u00fcvenlik ve kalite amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131sa da i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc hareketlili\u011fi, rekabet ve maliyetler \u00fczerinde etkiler do\u011furabilece\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. Madde 89\u2019un \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck vurgusu bu nedenle \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n

Madde 89\u2019un kurdu\u011fu mesleki g\u00fcvence d\u00fczeni<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Alan<\/th>\nAnayasal G\u00fcvence<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Kurulu\u015f amac\u0131<\/td>\nOrtak ihtiya\u00e7, mesleki faaliyet, meslek disiplini ve ahlak\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Organ se\u00e7imleri<\/td>\n\u00dcye iradesi, gizli oy ve yarg\u0131 g\u00f6zetimi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Disiplin yetkisi<\/td>\nYaln\u0131z g\u00fcvenli, ehil, etik ve kamu yarar\u0131na uygun meslek icras\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce g\u00fcvencesi<\/td>\nMesleki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, kamusal ele\u015ftiri ve siyasi kanaat disiplin sebebi yap\u0131lamaz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Zorunlu \u00fcyelik<\/td>\nAncak kanunda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6sterilen zorunlu kamu yarar\u0131 h\u00e2llerinde m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mali yap\u0131<\/td>\nBa\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z denetim, hesap verebilirlik ve yarg\u0131 yolu gerekir<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Meslek \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/td>\nMesle\u011fe giri\u015f ve mesle\u011fi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme hakk\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz s\u0131n\u0131rlanamaz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Bu g\u00fcvence d\u00fczeni, meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 hem g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc hem s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 k\u0131lar. G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcd\u00fcr; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc meslek ahlak\u0131 ve kamu yarar\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00f6rev yapar. S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu g\u00f6rev \u00fcye iradesi, savunma hakk\u0131, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ve yarg\u0131 yolu d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kullan\u0131lamaz.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7: Meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131 kamu yarar\u0131 i\u00e7in vard\u0131r, \u00fcye iradesiyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r<\/h2>\n

Meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131, Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde mesleki faaliyetin g\u00fcvenli, ehil, etik ve kamu yarar\u0131na uygun y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesini sa\u011flayan kamu t\u00fczel ki\u015fileri olarak d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Madde 89, bu kurulu\u015flar\u0131n meslek mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n ortak ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak, meslek disiplini ve ahlak\u0131n\u0131 korumak ve mesleki faaliyeti kamu yarar\u0131na d\u00fczenlemek amac\u0131yla kanunla kurulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Ancak bu kamu niteli\u011fi, kurulu\u015flara s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z yetki vermez.<\/p>\n

Bu maddenin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc taraf\u0131, meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n disiplin, \u00fcyelik, aidat ve meslekten men yetkilerini a\u00e7\u0131k ama\u00e7 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na ba\u011flamas\u0131d\u0131r. Mesleki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, kamusal ele\u015ftiri, sendikal tercih, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 veya siyasi kanaat disiplin sebebi yap\u0131lamaz. Mesle\u011fe giri\u015f ve mesle\u011fi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme hakk\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz s\u0131n\u0131rlanamaz. Zorunlu \u00fcyelik ise ancak mesle\u011fin g\u00fcvenli, ehil, etik ve kamu yarar\u0131na uygun y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in ger\u00e7ekten gerekli oldu\u011fu kanunla a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6sterilen h\u00e2llerde m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak Madde 89, meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 ne yaln\u0131z \u00fcyelerin kapal\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc ne de \u00fcyeleri \u00fczerinde s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc kullanan disiplin mekanizmas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Organ se\u00e7imleri \u00fcye iradesine, gizli oya ve yarg\u0131 g\u00f6zetimine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Mali yap\u0131, disiplin ve denetim s\u00fcre\u00e7leri savunma hakk\u0131, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z denetim ve yarg\u0131 yolu g\u00fcvencelerine tabidir. Bu nedenle meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131, bu anayasa modelinde kamu yarar\u0131, meslek \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u00fcye iradesi, disiplin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, mali hesap verebilirlik ve yarg\u0131sal g\u00fcvence<\/strong> aras\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f dengeli mesleki kamu d\u00fczeni kurumlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131, bir mesle\u011fin yaln\u0131z \u00f6zel \u00e7\u0131kar alan\u0131 olarak de\u011fil; kamu yarar\u0131, meslek ahlak\u0131, g\u00fcvenli hizmet, ehliyet, disiplin ve \u00fcyelerin ortak ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan d\u00fczenlenmesini sa\u011flayan \u00f6zel nitelikli kamu t\u00fczel ki\u015fileridir. Avukatl\u0131k, hekimlik, m\u00fchendislik, mimarl\u0131k, eczac\u0131l\u0131k, mali m\u00fc\u015favirlik veya benzeri meslek alanlar\u0131nda hizmetin kalitesi yaln\u0131z meslek mensubunu de\u011fil, do\u011frudan toplumu ilgilendirir. Bu nedenle meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131, \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131nda dayan\u0131\u015fma kuran s\u0131radan derneklerden farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Kanunla kurulur, kamu t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131r, mesleki standard\u0131 korur ve belirli durumlarda \u00fcyelik, disiplin, aidat ya da mesleki faaliyetten ge\u00e7ici men gibi yetkiler kullanabilir. Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde Madde 89, meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131 i\u00e7in iki y\u00f6nl\u00fc bir denge kurar. Bir yandan bu kurulu\u015flar\u0131n meslek mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n ortak ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131, mesleki faaliyeti kamu yarar\u0131na d\u00fczenlemesini, meslek disiplini ve ahlak\u0131n\u0131 korumas\u0131n\u0131 kabul eder. Di\u011fer yandan bu yetkilerin \u00fcye iradesini, meslek \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131, kamusal ele\u015ftiriyi ve yarg\u0131 g\u00fcvencesini zedeleyecek bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller. B\u00f6ylece meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131, hem mesleki kaliteyi koruyan hem de \u00fcyeleri \u00fczerinde keyf\u00ee g\u00fc\u00e7 kuramayan anayasal kurumlar olarak d\u00fczenlenir. Madde 89\u2019un en \u00f6nemli taraf\u0131, disiplin ve \u00fcyelik yetkilerini a\u00e7\u0131k ama\u00e7 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na ba\u011flamas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dcyelik, disiplin, aidat ve meslekten ge\u00e7ici veya s\u00fcrekli men yetkileri yaln\u0131z mesle\u011fin g\u00fcvenli, ehil ve kamu yarar\u0131na uygun y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir. Mesleki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, kamusal ele\u015ftiri, sendikal tercih, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 veya siyasi kanaat disiplin sebebi yap\u0131lamaz. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan meslek ahlak\u0131 ile d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc birbirinden ay\u0131ran temel anayasal \u00e7izgidir. Madde 89 \u2013 Kamu Kurumu Niteli\u011findeki Meslek Kurulu\u015flar\u0131 Kamu kurumu niteli\u011findeki meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131 ve \u00fcst kurulu\u015flar\u0131; meslek mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n ortak ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak, mesleki faaliyeti kamu yarar\u0131na d\u00fczenlemek, meslek disiplini ve ahlak\u0131n\u0131 korumak amac\u0131yla kanunla kurulan kamu t\u00fczel ki\u015fileridir. Bu kurulu\u015flar\u0131n organlar\u0131 \u00fcyeleri taraf\u0131ndan yarg\u0131 g\u00f6zetiminde ve gizli oyla se\u00e7ilir; y\u00f6netimde temsil adaleti, hesap verebilirlik ve \u00fcye iradesi esast\u0131r. \u00dcyelik, disiplin, aidat ve meslekten ge\u00e7ici veya s\u00fcrekli men yetkileri yaln\u0131z mesle\u011fin g\u00fcvenli, ehil ve kamu yarar\u0131na uygun y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir. Mesleki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, kamusal ele\u015ftiri, sendikal tercih, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 veya siyasi kanaat disiplin sebebi yap\u0131lamaz; mesle\u011fe giri\u015f ve mesle\u011fi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme hakk\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz s\u0131n\u0131rlanamaz. \u00dcyelik yaln\u0131zca mesle\u011fin g\u00fcvenli, ehil, etik ve kamu yarar\u0131na uygun y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in zorunlu oldu\u011fu kanunla a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6sterilen h\u00e2llerde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Bu kurulu\u015flar mesle\u011fe giri\u015f ve mesleki standartlar \u00fczerinde kamu yarar\u0131yla ba\u011fda\u015fmayan s\u0131n\u0131rlama kuramaz. Bu kurulu\u015flar ama\u00e7lar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda faaliyette bulunamaz, parti faaliyeti y\u00fcr\u00fctemez ve siyasi yap\u0131larla organik ba\u011f kuramaz. Mali yap\u0131, disiplin ve denetim s\u00fcre\u00e7leri savunma hakk\u0131, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z denetim ve yarg\u0131 yolu g\u00fcvencelerine tabidir. Mesleki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, kamusal ele\u015ftiri veya siyasi iktidardan farkl\u0131 kanaat tek ba\u015f\u0131na bu kapsamda de\u011ferlendirilemez. Bu kurulu\u015flar\u0131n organlar\u0131, se\u00e7imleri, \u00fcyelik \u015fartlar\u0131, mali yap\u0131s\u0131, disiplin ve denetim usulleri; \u00fcye iradesi, meslek \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, kamu yarar\u0131, savunma hakk\u0131 ve yarg\u0131 yolu korunarak kanunla d\u00fczenlenir. Meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131 ni\u00e7in kamu t\u00fczel ki\u015fisidir? Meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131, yaln\u0131z \u00fcyelerinin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n\u0131 savunan \u00f6zel topluluklar de\u011fildir. Kanunla kurulan kamu t\u00fczel ki\u015fileri olmalar\u0131n\u0131n sebebi, mesleki faaliyetin topluma do\u011frudan etki etmesidir. Bir meslek alan\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck standart, yaln\u0131z meslek mensuplar\u0131 aras\u0131nda sorun do\u011furmaz; vatanda\u015f\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fini, sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, adalete eri\u015fimini veya kamu hizmetlerinden yararlanmas\u0131n\u0131 etkileyebilir. Bu nedenle Madde 89, meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n amac\u0131n\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 temel alanda toplar: ortak ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak, mesleki faaliyeti kamu yarar\u0131na d\u00fczenlemek, meslek disiplini ve ahlak\u0131n\u0131 korumak. Bu ama\u00e7lar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan yetki, anayasal s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar. Meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131 mesleki kalite i\u00e7in vard\u0131r; \u00fcyeler \u00fczerinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, kanaat veya aidiyet bask\u0131s\u0131 kurmak i\u00e7in de\u011fil. Burada kamu t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fi, s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc anlam\u0131na gelmez. Tam tersine, kamu t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yan her kurum gibi meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131 da kanunilik, hesap verebilirlik, yarg\u0131 denetimi ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ilkelerine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dcye iradesi ve gizli oy neden \u00f6zel olarak vurgulan\u0131r? Madde 89, meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n organlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcyeleri taraf\u0131ndan yarg\u0131 g\u00f6zetiminde ve gizli oyla se\u00e7ilece\u011fini belirtir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n kendi \u00fcyeleri \u00fczerinde kapal\u0131 y\u00f6netim yap\u0131lar\u0131 olu\u015fturmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller. Meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131 \u00fcyelerin ortak mesleki iradesine dayanmal\u0131d\u0131r; y\u00f6netim, dar grup kontrol\u00fcne veya s\u00fcrekli ayn\u0131 \u00e7evrenin kapal\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyetine b\u0131rak\u0131lamaz. Gizli oy, \u00fcyenin bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda kalmadan tercih yapmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Yarg\u0131 g\u00f6zetimi ise se\u00e7im s\u00fcrecinin d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, itirazlar\u0131n denetlenmesini ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fini korur. Temsil adaleti, hesap verebilirlik ve \u00fcye iradesi bir araya geldi\u011finde meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131 \u00fcyelerine kar\u015f\u0131 daha me\u015fru ve daha denetlenebilir h\u00e2le gelir. Bu noktada meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131 i\u00e7in demokratik i\u00e7 i\u015fleyi\u015f hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu kurulu\u015flar \u00fcyelerden aidat alabilir, disiplin yetkisi kullanabilir, mesle\u011fe ili\u015fkin standartlar belirleyebilir. B\u00f6yle yetkileri olan bir kurumun y\u00f6netimi, \u00fcyelerin ger\u00e7ek iradesine dayanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Disiplin yetkisi meslek ahlak\u0131 i\u00e7indir, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce cezaland\u0131rmas\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011fil Meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131 disiplin yetkisine sahip olabilir. Ancak Madde 89 bu yetkiyi \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131k \u015fekilde s\u0131n\u0131rlar. Disiplin, yaln\u0131z mesle\u011fin g\u00fcvenli, ehil ve kamu yarar\u0131na uygun y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131labilir. Bu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda disiplin yetkisi meslek ahlak\u0131n\u0131 koruma arac\u0131 olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar, \u00fcyeyi susturma arac\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Bir meslek mensubunun mesleki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, kamusal ele\u015ftirisi, sendikal tercihi, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 veya siyasi kanaati disiplin sebebi yap\u0131lamaz. Bu g\u00fcvence \u00f6nemlidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131, kamu t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00fcyeleri \u00fczerinde ciddi etkiye sahiptir. Meslekten ge\u00e7ici veya s\u00fcrekli men gibi yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar, ki\u015finin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hayat\u0131n\u0131 ve ge\u00e7imini do\u011frudan etkileyebilir. Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesinin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ili\u015fkin 11. madde rehberi, \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu durumlara da dikkat \u00e7eker. Madde 89\u2019un disiplin s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 da bu a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6nemlidir: Meslek d\u00fczeni korunurken, me\u015fru ele\u015ftiri ve kanaat a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 cezaland\u0131r\u0131lamaz. Zorunlu \u00fcyelik ne zaman me\u015fru olabilir? Madde 89, \u00fcyeli\u011fin yaln\u0131zca mesle\u011fin g\u00fcvenli, ehil, etik ve kamu yarar\u0131na uygun y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in zorunlu oldu\u011fu kanunla a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6sterilen h\u00e2llerde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilece\u011fini belirtir. Bu c\u00fcmle, zorunlu \u00fcyeli\u011fi otomatik ve s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir kural olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Baz\u0131 mesleklerde kamu g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, mesleki ehliyet, etik denetim veya hizmet kalitesi i\u00e7in zorunlu \u00fcyelik gerekebilir. Ancak bu gereklilik kanunda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6sterilmelidir. \u201cMeslek kurulu\u015fu vard\u0131r, o h\u00e2lde herkes zorunlu \u00fcye olmal\u0131d\u0131r\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 yeterli de\u011fildir. Zorunlu \u00fcyelik, somut kamu yarar\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131klanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m meslek \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc korur. Bir ki\u015finin mesle\u011fe giri\u015f ve mesle\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme hakk\u0131, ancak kamu yarar\u0131yla orant\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilir. Meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131, mesle\u011fe giri\u015f \u00fczerinde kamu yarar\u0131yla ba\u011fda\u015fmayan engeller koyamaz. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, mesleki kalite ile meslek tekelle\u015fmesi aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7izgiyi ay\u0131r\u0131r. Meslek standartlar\u0131 kamu yarar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015farsa ne olur? Meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131 standart belirleyebilir; ancak bu standartlar mesle\u011fin g\u00fcvenli, ehil, etik ve kamu yarar\u0131na uygun y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesiyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Standart belirleme yetkisi, mesle\u011fe yeni girecek ki\u015fileri gereksiz yere d\u0131\u015flama veya mevcut \u00fcyelerin ekonomik konumunu koruma arac\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015femez. Mesleki standartlar kamu yarar\u0131yla uyumlu oldu\u011funda toplumu korur. \u00d6rne\u011fin yeterlilik, etik kurallar, mesleki e\u011fitim, denetim ve hizmet kalitesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan standartlar gereklidir. Fakat standartlar \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fczle\u015firse, mesle\u011fe giri\u015f zorla\u015f\u0131r, rekabet azal\u0131r, hizmet maliyeti artar ve gen\u00e7 meslek mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fc kapanabilir. OECD\u2019nin mesleki hizmetlerde rekabet engellerine ili\u015fkin incelemesi, baz\u0131 mesleklerde d\u00fczenlemelerin rekabeti s\u0131n\u0131rlay\u0131c\u0131 etkilerini de\u011ferlendiren \u00f6rnekler sunar. Madde 89\u2019un meslek standartlar\u0131n\u0131 kamu yarar\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131, bu t\u00fcr \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz s\u0131n\u0131rlama risklerine kar\u015f\u0131 anayasal bir fren niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131r. Parti faaliyeti ve organik ba\u011f yasa\u011f\u0131 neden gereklidir? Madde 89, meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ama\u00e7lar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda faaliyette bulunamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, parti faaliyeti y\u00fcr\u00fctemeyece\u011fini ve siyasi yap\u0131larla organik ba\u011f kuramayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenler. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n kamu t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fi niteli\u011fiyle uyumludur. Meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131 mesle\u011fi d\u00fczenlemek i\u00e7in vard\u0131r; parti \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesinin uzant\u0131s\u0131 olmak i\u00e7in de\u011fil. Bu yasak, meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n kamusal konuda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131 tamamen ortadan kald\u0131rmaz. Madde zaten mesleki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ve kamusal ele\u015ftirinin disiplin sebebi yap\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a kabul eder. Ancak kamusal g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f a\u00e7\u0131klamak ile parti faaliyeti y\u00fcr\u00fctmek ayn\u0131 \u015fey de\u011fildir. Meslek kurulu\u015fu, mesle\u011fi ilgilendiren bir kanun, uygulama, kamu hizmeti veya etik sorun hakk\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131klama yapabilir. Fakat kurumsal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bir partinin kampanyas\u0131na, karar organ\u0131na, aday\u0131na veya \u00f6rg\u00fctsel faaliyetine ba\u011flayamaz. B\u00f6ylece kurulu\u015fun kamu t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fi, \u00fcyelerin farkl\u0131 kanaatlerini yok sayan dar bir siyasal ara\u00e7 h\u00e2line gelmez. Mali yap\u0131 ve aidat: hesap verilmeyen g\u00fc\u00e7 olmaz Meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131 aidat toplayabilir ve mali kaynak kullanabilir. Madde 89, mali yap\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z denetim ve yarg\u0131 yolu g\u00fcvencelerine tabi olmas\u0131n\u0131 ister. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, \u00fcyelerin ekonomik y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri ile kurulu\u015fun mali sorumlulu\u011fu aras\u0131nda denge kurar. Aidat, mesleki hizmetleri y\u00fcr\u00fctmek, \u00fcyelerin ortak ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak ve kurulu\u015fun kanuni g\u00f6revlerini yerine getirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Aidat y\u00fck\u00fc \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz olursa, mesle\u011fi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme hakk\u0131 fiilen zorla\u015fabilir. Mali kaynaklar \u015feffaf kullan\u0131lmazsa, \u00fcyelerin g\u00fcveni zedelenir. Bu nedenle meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan mali hesap verebilirlik, yaln\u0131z muhasebe meselesi de\u011fildir. \u00dcye iradesi, temsil adaleti, aidat adaleti ve kurumsal me\u015fruiyet mali \u015feffafl\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Kamu t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yan bir meslek kurulu\u015fu, mali kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcyelerine ve hukuka kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir bi\u00e7imde y\u00f6netmelidir. Savunma hakk\u0131 olmadan disiplin olmaz Madde 89, disiplin ve denetim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini savunma hakk\u0131, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z denetim ve yarg\u0131 yolu g\u00fcvencelerine ba\u011flar. Bu d\u00f6rt g\u00fcvence, meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n yapt\u0131r\u0131m yetkisini hukuk i\u00e7ine \u00e7eker. Savunma hakk\u0131, \u00fcyeye iddiay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenme ve cevap verme imk\u00e2n\u0131 sa\u011flar. \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck, yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n fiilin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla orant\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z denetim, disiplin s\u00fcrecinin kapal\u0131 grup iradesiyle \u015fekillenmesini \u00f6nler. Yarg\u0131 yolu ise meslek kurulu\u015funun kararlar\u0131n\u0131n son ve dokunulmaz olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Venedik Komisyonunun hukuk devleti kontrol listesine ili\u015fkin a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131, hukuk devletini kanunilik, hukuki g\u00fcvenlik, yetkinin k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi, e\u015fitlik ve adalete eri\u015fim gibi unsurlarla de\u011ferlendirir. Meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n disiplin yetkisi de bu hukuk devleti ilkeleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemez. Meslek \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile kamu yarar\u0131 nas\u0131l dengelenir? Madde 89\u2019un tamam\u0131, meslek \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile kamu yarar\u0131 aras\u0131nda dikkatli bir denge kurar. Mesle\u011fe giri\u015f ve mesle\u011fi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme hakk\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz s\u0131n\u0131rlanamaz. Ancak mesleklerin g\u00fcvenli, ehil ve etik bi\u00e7imde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi de kamu yarar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan korunmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu denge basit de\u011fildir. Tamamen serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lan meslek alanlar\u0131nda kalite ve g\u00fcvenlik sorunlar\u0131 do\u011fabilir. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fczenlenen meslek alanlar\u0131nda ise mesle\u011fe giri\u015f zorla\u015f\u0131r, rekabet azal\u0131r ve mevcut \u00fcyelerin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 kamu yarar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ebilir. Madde 89, meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131na yetki verirken bu yetkiyi ama\u00e7, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc, savunma hakk\u0131 ve yarg\u0131 yolu ile s\u0131n\u0131rlar. OECD\u2019nin mesleki lisanslama ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hayat\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkileri inceleyen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, baz\u0131 d\u00fczenlemelerin g\u00fcvenlik ve kalite amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131sa da i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc hareketlili\u011fi, rekabet ve maliyetler \u00fczerinde etkiler do\u011furabilece\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. Madde 89\u2019un \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck vurgusu bu nedenle \u00f6nemlidir. Madde 89\u2019un kurdu\u011fu mesleki g\u00fcvence d\u00fczeni Alan Anayasal G\u00fcvence Kurulu\u015f amac\u0131 Ortak ihtiya\u00e7, mesleki faaliyet, meslek disiplini ve ahlak\u0131 Organ se\u00e7imleri \u00dcye iradesi, gizli oy ve yarg\u0131 g\u00f6zetimi Disiplin yetkisi Yaln\u0131z g\u00fcvenli, ehil, etik ve kamu yarar\u0131na uygun meslek icras\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce g\u00fcvencesi Mesleki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, kamusal ele\u015ftiri ve siyasi kanaat disiplin sebebi yap\u0131lamaz Zorunlu \u00fcyelik Ancak kanunda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6sterilen zorunlu kamu yarar\u0131 h\u00e2llerinde m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr Mali yap\u0131 Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z denetim, hesap verebilirlik ve yarg\u0131 yolu gerekir Meslek \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Mesle\u011fe giri\u015f ve mesle\u011fi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme hakk\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz s\u0131n\u0131rlanamaz Bu g\u00fcvence d\u00fczeni, meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 hem g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc hem s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 k\u0131lar. G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcd\u00fcr; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc meslek ahlak\u0131 ve kamu yarar\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00f6rev yapar. S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu g\u00f6rev \u00fcye iradesi, savunma hakk\u0131, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ve yarg\u0131 yolu d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kullan\u0131lamaz. Sonu\u00e7: Meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131 kamu yarar\u0131 i\u00e7in vard\u0131r, \u00fcye iradesiyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r Meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131, Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde mesleki faaliyetin g\u00fcvenli, ehil, etik ve kamu yarar\u0131na uygun y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesini sa\u011flayan kamu t\u00fczel ki\u015fileri olarak d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Madde 89, bu kurulu\u015flar\u0131n meslek mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n ortak ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak, meslek disiplini ve ahlak\u0131n\u0131 korumak ve mesleki faaliyeti kamu yarar\u0131na d\u00fczenlemek amac\u0131yla kanunla kurulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Ancak bu kamu niteli\u011fi, kurulu\u015flara s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z yetki vermez. Bu maddenin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc taraf\u0131, meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n disiplin, \u00fcyelik, aidat ve meslekten men yetkilerini a\u00e7\u0131k ama\u00e7 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na ba\u011flamas\u0131d\u0131r. Mesleki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, kamusal ele\u015ftiri, sendikal tercih, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 veya siyasi kanaat disiplin sebebi yap\u0131lamaz. Mesle\u011fe giri\u015f ve mesle\u011fi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme hakk\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz s\u0131n\u0131rlanamaz. Zorunlu \u00fcyelik ise ancak mesle\u011fin g\u00fcvenli, ehil, etik ve kamu yarar\u0131na uygun y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in ger\u00e7ekten gerekli oldu\u011fu kanunla a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6sterilen h\u00e2llerde m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Sonu\u00e7 olarak Madde 89, meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 ne yaln\u0131z \u00fcyelerin kapal\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc ne de \u00fcyeleri \u00fczerinde s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc kullanan disiplin mekanizmas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Organ se\u00e7imleri \u00fcye iradesine, gizli oya ve yarg\u0131 g\u00f6zetimine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Mali yap\u0131, disiplin ve denetim s\u00fcre\u00e7leri savunma hakk\u0131, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z denetim ve yarg\u0131 yolu g\u00fcvencelerine tabidir. Bu nedenle meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131, bu anayasa modelinde kamu yarar\u0131, meslek \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u00fcye iradesi, disiplin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, mali hesap verebilirlik ve yarg\u0131sal g\u00fcvence aras\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f dengeli mesleki kamu d\u00fczeni kurumlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":338,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-337","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-yurutme-basbakanlik-ve-idare"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/337","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=337"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/337\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":339,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/337\/revisions\/339"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/338"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=337"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=337"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=337"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}