{"id":322,"date":"2026-06-19T07:13:47","date_gmt":"2026-06-19T07:13:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/?p=322"},"modified":"2026-06-19T07:13:47","modified_gmt":"2026-06-19T07:13:47","slug":"olaganustu-hal-madde-84","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/olaganustu-hal-madde-84\/","title":{"rendered":"Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131\u2019nda Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc H\u00e2l (Madde 84)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l<\/strong>, devletin sava\u015f, seferberlik, b\u00fcy\u00fck afet, salg\u0131n, a\u011f\u0131r g\u00fcvenlik krizi veya kamu d\u00fczenini ciddi bi\u00e7imde bozan zorunlu durumlarda h\u0131zl\u0131 hareket edebilmesini sa\u011flayan; fakat ayn\u0131 zamanda bu h\u0131zl\u0131 hareketi Anayasa, kanun, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck, ge\u00e7icilik, gerek\u00e7elilik ve yarg\u0131 denetimiyle s\u0131n\u0131rlayan istisnai bir y\u00f6netim usul\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bir anayasal d\u00fczende ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l d\u00fczenlemesi yoksa devlet, a\u011f\u0131r krizler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yava\u015f ve da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k kalabilir. Fakat ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131rsa, ge\u00e7ici kriz yetkileri s\u00fcrekli y\u00f6netim tekni\u011fine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilir. Bu nedenle ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l, hem devleti koruyan hem de devleti hukuk i\u00e7inde tutan \u00e7ift y\u00f6nl\u00fc bir g\u00fcvence olarak tasarlanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131<\/a> i\u00e7inde Madde 84, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l yetkisini s\u0131radan y\u00fcr\u00fctme takdirine b\u0131rakmaz. Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc y\u00f6netim usulleri yaln\u0131z sava\u015f, seferberlik, b\u00fcy\u00fck afet, salg\u0131n, a\u011f\u0131r g\u00fcvenlik krizi veya kamu d\u00fczenini ciddi bozan zorunlu h\u00e2llerde uygulanabilir. \u0130lan Ba\u015fbakan\u0131n gerek\u00e7eli karar\u0131yla yap\u0131l\u0131r; ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisinin onay\u0131na sunulur. T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi k\u0131rk sekiz saat i\u00e7inde toplan\u0131r ve onay vermezse ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l kendili\u011finden kalkar. B\u00f6ylece ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l, y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin tek tarafl\u0131 ve uzun s\u00fcreli g\u00fc\u00e7 alan\u0131 de\u011fil; Meclis onay\u0131, s\u00fcre s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 ve yarg\u0131 denetimiyle \u00e7evrelenmi\u015f anayasal kriz y\u00f6netimi usul\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Madde 84\u2019\u00fcn en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc y\u00f6nlerinden biri, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l d\u00f6neminde dahi korunacak \u00e7ekirdek g\u00fcvenceleri a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a saymas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130nsan onuru, i\u015fkence yasa\u011f\u0131, su\u00e7 ve cezalar\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fe y\u00fcr\u00fcmezli\u011fi, masumiyet karinesi, savunma, mahkemeye eri\u015fim ve etkili ba\u015fvuru korunur. Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc tedbirler yaln\u0131z durumun zorunlu k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde; konu, yer, s\u00fcre ve ama\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 al\u0131n\u0131r. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l y\u00f6netimini hukukun ask\u0131ya al\u0131nmas\u0131<\/strong> de\u011fil, hukukun kriz \u015fartlar\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc bi\u00e7imde i\u015fletilmesi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Madde 84 \u2013 Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc H\u00e2l, Ortak G\u00fcvenceler, Tedbirler, Seferberlik ve Sava\u015f H\u00e2li<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc y\u00f6netim usulleri sava\u015f, seferberlik, b\u00fcy\u00fck afet, salg\u0131n, a\u011f\u0131r g\u00fcvenlik krizi veya kamu d\u00fczenini ciddi bozan zorunlu h\u00e2llerde uygulanabilir. Usuller Anayasaya, kanuna, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe, ge\u00e7icili\u011fe, gerek\u00e7elili\u011fe ve yarg\u0131 denetimine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l, Ba\u015fbakan\u0131n gerek\u00e7eli karar\u0131yla ilan edilir ve ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisinin onay\u0131na sunulur. T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi k\u0131rk sekiz (48) saat i\u00e7inde toplan\u0131r; onay vermezse ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l kendili\u011finden kalkar. \u0130lk ilan s\u00fcresi \u00fc\u00e7 (3) ay\u0131 a\u015famaz.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi onay\u0131 yokken can g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, afet, salg\u0131n, s\u0131n\u0131r g\u00fcvenli\u011fi veya ani sald\u0131r\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131k ve yak\u0131n tehlike s\u00fcr\u00fcyorsa Ba\u015fbakan yetmi\u015f iki (72) saati a\u015fmayan dar zorunlu tedbirler alabilir. Tedbirler haklar\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcne dokunamaz, derh\u00e2l Anayasa Mahkemesi denetimine a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r ve ayn\u0131 olay i\u00e7in tekrarlanamaz.<\/p>\n

Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2lin uzat\u0131lmas\u0131 her defas\u0131nda gerek\u00e7eli T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi karar\u0131yla ve en \u00e7ok \u00fc\u00e7 (3) ay i\u00e7in m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Toplam s\u00fcrenin bir (1) y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fmas\u0131 ancak sava\u015f, seferberlik veya devam eden b\u00fcy\u00fck afet h\u00e2linde T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n be\u015fte \u00fc\u00e7 (3\/5) \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fuyla m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. \u0130lan, uzatma ve tedbir i\u015flemleri yarg\u0131 denetimine kapat\u0131lamaz.<\/p>\n

Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc tedbirler yaln\u0131z durumun zorunlu k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde; konu, yer, s\u00fcre ve ama\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 al\u0131n\u0131r. \u0130nsan onuru, i\u015fkence yasa\u011f\u0131, su\u00e7 ve cezalar\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fe y\u00fcr\u00fcmezli\u011fi, masumiyet karinesi, savunma, mahkemeye eri\u015fim ve etkili ba\u015fvuru korunur.<\/p>\n

Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc y\u00f6netim usulleri kanunla d\u00fczenlenir; kanun bu usulleri s\u00fcrekli rejime d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcremez, se\u00e7imleri, yarg\u0131y\u0131, haklar\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi denetimini veya anayasal kurumlar\u0131 etkisiz k\u0131lamaz.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc H\u00e2l Neden Gerekli Ama Tehlikeli Bir Yetkidir?<\/h2>\n

Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l, devletin normal hukuk d\u00fczeniyle yeterince h\u0131zl\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k veremeyece\u011fi krizler i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Sava\u015f, seferberlik, b\u00fcy\u00fck afet, salg\u0131n, a\u011f\u0131r g\u00fcvenlik krizi veya kamu d\u00fczenini ciddi bozan zorunlu h\u00e2ller, ola\u011fan usullerin yetersiz kalabilece\u011fi durumlard\u0131r. B\u00f6yle zamanlarda kamu otoritesinin h\u0131zl\u0131 karar almas\u0131, can g\u00fcvenli\u011fini korumas\u0131, hizmet s\u00fcreklili\u011fini sa\u011flamas\u0131 ve krizin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini \u00f6nlemesi gerekebilir.<\/p>\n

Ancak ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l, k\u00f6t\u00fc tasarlan\u0131rsa anayasal d\u00fczen i\u00e7in risk de \u00fcretir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc kriz zamanlar\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fctme g\u00fcc\u00fc artar, karar s\u00fcreleri k\u0131sal\u0131r, tedbirler sertle\u015fir ve kamuoyu denetimi zay\u0131flayabilir. Bu y\u00fczden ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l yetkisi, yaln\u0131z kriz tan\u0131m\u0131yla de\u011fil, s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131yla birlikte yaz\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Madde 84 bu dengeyi kurar. Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc y\u00f6netim usulleri Anayasaya, kanuna, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe, ge\u00e7icili\u011fe, gerek\u00e7elili\u011fe ve yarg\u0131 denetimine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu alt\u0131 \u015fart, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2lin keyf\u00eele\u015fmesini \u00f6nleyen anayasal kilitlerdir.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fbakan \u0130lan Eder, Meclis K\u0131rk Sekiz Saatte Denetler<\/h2>\n

Madde 84\u2019e g\u00f6re ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l Ba\u015fbakan\u0131n gerek\u00e7eli karar\u0131yla ilan edilir ve ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisinin onay\u0131na sunulur. Bu y\u00f6ntem, kriz an\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fctmeye h\u0131zl\u0131 hareket imk\u00e2n\u0131 verir; fakat bu imk\u00e2n\u0131 Meclis denetimi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rakmaz. Ba\u015fbakan krize ilk tepkiyi verir, Meclis ise bu tepkinin anayasal ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini k\u0131rk sekiz saat i\u00e7inde de\u011ferlendirir.<\/p>\n

K\u0131rk sekiz saatlik toplant\u0131 zorunlulu\u011fu, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2lin y\u00fcr\u00fctme karar\u0131yla uzun s\u00fcre devam etmesini engeller. Meclis onay vermezse ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l kendili\u011finden kalkar. B\u00f6ylece ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l, fiilen y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konulup sonra unutulan veya denetimden ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lan bir rejim h\u00e2line gelemez.<\/p>\n

Venedik Komisyonunun emergency powers standards<\/a> sayfas\u0131, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc yetkilerin demokrasi, insan haklar\u0131 ve hukuk devletiyle uyumlulu\u011funu de\u011ferlendiren \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara eri\u015fim sa\u011flar. Madde 84\u2019te Meclis onay\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131 ve zorunlu tutulmas\u0131 da ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc yetkilerin demokratik denetime ba\u011flanmas\u0131 fikriyle uyumludur.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk S\u00fcre Neden \u00dc\u00e7 Ayla S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r?<\/h2>\n

Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2lin ilk ilan s\u00fcresi \u00fc\u00e7 ay\u0131 a\u015famaz. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2lin ge\u00e7ici niteli\u011fini somutla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. S\u00fcre s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 yoksa, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l yava\u015f yava\u015f normal y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilir. \u00dc\u00e7 ayl\u0131k ilk s\u00fcre, y\u00fcr\u00fctmeye krize m\u00fcdahale i\u00e7in zaman verir; fakat bu m\u00fcdahalenin s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z olmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller.<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7 ay doldu\u011funda ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2lin devam etmesi gerekiyorsa, uzatma i\u00e7in yeniden gerek\u00e7e ve Meclis karar\u0131 gerekir. B\u00f6ylece ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l, bir kez ilan edildi\u011finde kendi kendine ya\u015fayan bir rejim olmaz. Her uzatma yeniden de\u011ferlendirme, gerek\u00e7e ve siyasal sorumluluk gerektirir.<\/p>\n

Bu s\u00fcre mant\u0131\u011f\u0131, kriz y\u00f6netiminde \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn zaman boyutunu temsil eder. Tedbir ne kadar a\u011f\u0131rsa, s\u00fcresi de o kadar dikkatli s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l, krizin ihtiyac\u0131 kadar s\u00fcrmeli; krizi a\u015fan bir y\u00f6netim al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmemelidir.<\/p>\n

Meclis Onay\u0131 Yoksa Dar Zorunlu Tedbir Nedir?<\/h2>\n

Madde 84, Meclis onay\u0131 yokken bile baz\u0131 \u00e7ok s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 durumlarda Ba\u015fbakan\u0131n yetmi\u015f iki saati a\u015fmayan dar zorunlu tedbirler alabilece\u011fini kabul eder. Bu ihtimal; can g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, afet, salg\u0131n, s\u0131n\u0131r g\u00fcvenli\u011fi veya ani sald\u0131r\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131k ve yak\u0131n tehlikenin s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc durumlarla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, ger\u00e7ek hayat\u0131n aciliyetini dikkate al\u0131r. Baz\u0131 krizlerde Meclis onay\u0131 al\u0131nana kadar beklemek, can kayb\u0131na veya a\u011f\u0131r kamu zarar\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilir. Ancak Madde 84, bu ge\u00e7ici yetkiyi geni\u015f bir ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l rejimine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmez. Tedbirler yetmi\u015f iki saati a\u015famaz, haklar\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcne dokunamaz, derh\u00e2l Anayasa Mahkemesi denetimine a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r ve ayn\u0131 olay i\u00e7in tekrarlanamaz.<\/p>\n

Buradaki \u201cayn\u0131 olay i\u00e7in tekrarlanamaz\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fc \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nemlidir. Y\u00fcr\u00fctme, Meclis onay\u0131 olmadan ayn\u0131 olaya dayanarak s\u00fcrekli yetmi\u015f iki saatlik tedbirler zinciri kuramaz. Bu, dar zorunlu tedbiri ger\u00e7ek bir acil m\u00fcdahale arac\u0131 olarak tutar; ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2lin arka kap\u0131s\u0131 h\u00e2line getirmez.<\/p>\n

Uzatma Karar\u0131 Nas\u0131l Al\u0131n\u0131r?<\/h2>\n

Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2lin uzat\u0131lmas\u0131 her defas\u0131nda gerek\u00e7eli T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi karar\u0131yla ve en \u00e7ok \u00fc\u00e7 ay i\u00e7in m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu d\u00fczenleme, uzatman\u0131n otomatik olmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller. Her uzatma, ayr\u0131 gerek\u00e7eye, ayr\u0131 Meclis de\u011ferlendirmesine ve ayr\u0131 siyasi sorumlulu\u011fa ba\u011flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Toplam s\u00fcrenin bir y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fmas\u0131 ise daha a\u011f\u0131r \u015fartlara ba\u011flan\u0131r. Bu ancak sava\u015f, seferberlik veya devam eden b\u00fcy\u00fck afet h\u00e2linde ve T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n be\u015fte \u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fuyla m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. B\u00f6ylece ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2lin uzun s\u00fcre devam etmesi s\u0131radan \u00e7o\u011funluk karar\u0131na b\u0131rak\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n

Bu y\u00fcksek e\u015fik, uzun s\u00fcreli ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2lin anayasal d\u00fczen \u00fczerinde daha b\u00fcy\u00fck etki do\u011furabilece\u011fi ger\u00e7e\u011fine dayan\u0131r. S\u00fcre uzad\u0131k\u00e7a istisna rejiminin normalle\u015fme riski artar. Madde 84 bu riski, hem konu s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131 hem nitelikli \u00e7o\u011funluk \u015fart\u0131yla azalt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yarg\u0131 Denetimine Kapat\u0131lamayan Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc Yetki<\/h2>\n

Madde 84, ilan, uzatma ve tedbir i\u015flemlerinin yarg\u0131 denetimine kapat\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a d\u00fczenler. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l i\u00e7inde hukuk devletinin devam etti\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. Kriz d\u00f6neminde yarg\u0131 denetimi tamamen d\u0131\u015flan\u0131rsa, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc yetki kolayca keyf\u00eeli\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilir.<\/p>\n

Yarg\u0131 denetimi, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2lin yerindeli\u011fini de\u011fil; yetkinin Anayasaya, kanuna, s\u00fcreye, amaca, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe ve haklar\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcne uygun kullan\u0131l\u0131p kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirir. B\u00f6ylece mahkemeler kriz y\u00f6netiminin yerine ge\u00e7mez; fakat kriz bahanesiyle hukukun d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler.<\/p>\n

Venedik Komisyonunun Emergency Powers Observatory<\/a> \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerde ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc yetkilerin anayasal ve kanuni d\u00fczenleni\u015fine ili\u015fkin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 bilgiler sunar. Madde 84\u2019\u00fcn yarg\u0131 denetimi vurgusu, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc yetkilerin kapal\u0131 ve dokunulmaz bir alan olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmemesi gerekti\u011fi fikrini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir.<\/p>\n

Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc Tedbirlerin D\u00f6rt S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131<\/h2>\n

Madde 84, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc tedbirlerin yaln\u0131z durumun zorunlu k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde al\u0131nabilece\u011fini belirtir ve tedbirleri konu, yer, s\u00fcre ve ama\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rlar. Bu d\u00f6rt s\u0131n\u0131r, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l y\u00f6netiminin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck denetimini somutla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
S\u0131n\u0131r<\/th>\nAnlam\u0131<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Konu<\/td>\nTedbir yaln\u0131z krize ili\u015fkin konuda al\u0131nabilir.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Yer<\/td>\nTedbir krizden etkilenen alanla s\u0131n\u0131rlanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
S\u00fcre<\/td>\nTedbir ihtiya\u00e7 devam etti\u011fi s\u00fcrece uygulanabilir.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ama\u00e7<\/td>\nTedbir yaln\u0131z krizi gidermek veya zarar\u0131 azaltmak amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131labilir.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Bu s\u0131n\u0131rlama, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2lin \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131nda, s\u00fcresiz ve belirsiz tedbirler \u00fcreten genel bir y\u00f6netim rejimine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesini \u00f6nler. Kriz nerede ve ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde varsa, tedbir de orada ve o \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ekirdek Haklar Neden Korunur?<\/h2>\n

Madde 84, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l d\u00f6neminde dahi insan onuru, i\u015fkence yasa\u011f\u0131, su\u00e7 ve cezalar\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fe y\u00fcr\u00fcmezli\u011fi, masumiyet karinesi, savunma, mahkemeye eri\u015fim ve etkili ba\u015fvuru haklar\u0131n\u0131n korunaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenler. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, krizin hukuk d\u0131\u015f\u0131 alan olu\u015fturamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l, devletin daha h\u0131zl\u0131 ve yo\u011fun tedbir almas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayabilir; fakat insan onurunu ortadan kald\u0131rmaz. \u0130\u015fkence yasa\u011f\u0131na istisna getirilemez. Su\u00e7 ve ceza ge\u00e7mi\u015fe y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclemez. Masumiyet karinesi yok say\u0131lamaz. Savunma, mahkemeye eri\u015fim ve etkili ba\u015fvuru haklar\u0131 korunmadan ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l yarg\u0131s\u0131z cezaland\u0131rma d\u00fczenine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilir.<\/p>\n

BM \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Komitesi\u2019nin General Comment No. 29<\/a> metni, Medeni ve Siyasal Haklar S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin 4. maddesi kapsam\u0131nda ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2llerde derogasyon meselesini a\u00e7\u0131klar. Ayn\u0131 konuda Refworld \u00fczerinden eri\u015filebilen General Comment No. 29 kayd\u0131<\/a> da ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde bile baz\u0131 hak g\u00fcvencelerinin korunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6steren \u00f6nemli bir uluslararas\u0131 kaynakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kanun Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc H\u00e2li S\u00fcrekli Rejime \u00c7eviremez<\/h2>\n

Madde 84\u2019\u00fcn son f\u0131kras\u0131, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc y\u00f6netim usullerinin kanunla d\u00fczenlenece\u011fini; fakat kanunun bu usulleri s\u00fcrekli rejime d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcremeyece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a s\u00f6yler. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l hukukunun en kritik g\u00fcvenlik kilitlerinden biridir.<\/p>\n

Kanun koyucu ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l usullerini ayr\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131rabilir; ancak bu yetki, ge\u00e7ici kriz rejimini kal\u0131c\u0131 y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imine \u00e7evirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lamaz. Se\u00e7imler, yarg\u0131, haklar, T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi denetimi veya anayasal kurumlar ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc y\u00f6netim gerek\u00e7esiyle etkisiz k\u0131l\u0131namaz.<\/p>\n

International IDEA\u2019n\u0131n Emergency Powers<\/a> \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, anayasa yap\u0131m s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc yetkilerin nas\u0131l tasarlanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine ili\u015fkin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve sunar. Madde 84 de ayn\u0131 temel sorunla ilgilenir: Devlet kriz an\u0131nda hareket edebilmeli, fakat kriz yetkisi anayasal demokrasiyi yutacak kal\u0131c\u0131 bir rejime d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmemelidir.<\/p>\n

Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc H\u00e2l Sisteminin G\u00fcvence Haritas\u0131<\/h2>\n

Madde 84, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2li yaln\u0131z ilan yetkisi olarak de\u011fil, \u00e7ok katmanl\u0131 bir g\u00fcvence sistemi olarak d\u00fczenler. Bu sistemde y\u00fcr\u00fctme h\u0131zl\u0131 hareket eder; Meclis onay verir veya kald\u0131r\u0131r; Anayasa Mahkemesi ve yarg\u0131 denetimi a\u00e7\u0131k kal\u0131r; s\u00fcreler s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r; \u00e7ekirdek haklar korunur.<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Zorunlu sebep:<\/strong> Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc y\u00f6netim yaln\u0131z sava\u015f, afet, salg\u0131n, a\u011f\u0131r g\u00fcvenlik krizi veya ciddi kamu d\u00fczeni bozulmas\u0131 gibi h\u00e2llerde uygulanabilir.<\/li>\n
  • Gerek\u00e7eli ilan:<\/strong> Ba\u015fbakan karar\u0131 gerek\u00e7eli olmak zorundad\u0131r.<\/li>\n
  • Meclis onay\u0131:<\/strong> T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi k\u0131rk sekiz saat i\u00e7inde toplan\u0131r.<\/li>\n
  • S\u00fcre s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131:<\/strong> \u0130lk ilan \u00fc\u00e7 ay\u0131 a\u015famaz; uzatma da her defas\u0131nda en \u00e7ok \u00fc\u00e7 ay olabilir.<\/li>\n
  • Nitelikli \u00e7o\u011funluk:<\/strong> Bir y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fan s\u00fcre ancak belirli a\u011f\u0131r h\u00e2llerde be\u015fte \u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7o\u011funlukla m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/li>\n
  • Yarg\u0131 denetimi:<\/strong> \u0130lan, uzatma ve tedbir i\u015flemleri yarg\u0131 denetimine kapat\u0131lamaz.<\/li>\n
  • \u00c7ekirdek haklar:<\/strong> \u0130nsan onuru, i\u015fkence yasa\u011f\u0131, savunma, mahkemeye eri\u015fim ve etkili ba\u015fvuru korunur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Bu harita, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2lin anayasa i\u00e7inde hem kullan\u0131labilir hem s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131labilir bir kriz arac\u0131 olarak kuruldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

    Vatanda\u015f A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc H\u00e2l Ne Anlama Gelir?<\/h2>\n

    Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l vatanda\u015f i\u00e7in iki y\u00f6nl\u00fc sonu\u00e7 do\u011furur. Bir yandan devletin afet, salg\u0131n, sald\u0131r\u0131 veya a\u011f\u0131r g\u00fcvenlik krizinde h\u0131zl\u0131 hareket etmesi vatanda\u015f\u0131n can g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve kamu hizmeti s\u00fcreklili\u011fi i\u00e7in gereklidir. Di\u011fer yandan ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l, g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayat\u0131, hak kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131, seyahat, toplant\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma veya ba\u015fvuru yollar\u0131n\u0131 etkileyebilir. Bu y\u00fczden vatanda\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan en \u00f6nemli mesele, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2lin ne kadar s\u00fcreyle, hangi ama\u00e7la, hangi denetimle ve hangi hak s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde uygulanaca\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Madde 84 vatanda\u015f i\u00e7in \u015fu g\u00fcvenceleri sa\u011flar:<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Belirli sebep g\u00fcvencesi:<\/strong> Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l yaln\u0131z zorunlu krizlerde uygulanabilir.<\/li>\n
    • Meclis denetimi:<\/strong> K\u0131rk sekiz saat i\u00e7inde TBMM onay\u0131 gerekir.<\/li>\n
    • Ge\u00e7icilik:<\/strong> \u0130lk ilan ve her uzatma \u00fc\u00e7 ayla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n
    • Yarg\u0131ya eri\u015fim:<\/strong> \u0130lan, uzatma ve tedbirler yarg\u0131 denetimine kapat\u0131lamaz.<\/li>\n
    • Haklar\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fc:<\/strong> Dar zorunlu tedbirler haklar\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcne dokunamaz.<\/li>\n
    • \u00c7ekirdek haklar:<\/strong> \u0130nsan onuru, savunma ve mahkemeye eri\u015fim korunur.<\/li>\n
    • S\u00fcrekli rejim yasa\u011f\u0131:<\/strong> Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc y\u00f6netim usulleri kal\u0131c\u0131 y\u00f6netime d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclemez.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Bu g\u00fcvenceler, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2lin vatanda\u015f kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z g\u00fc\u00e7 de\u011fil, hukuk i\u00e7inde kullan\u0131labilecek ge\u00e7ici kriz yetkisi oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

      Sonu\u00e7: Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc H\u00e2l Hukukun Ask\u0131ya Al\u0131nmas\u0131 De\u011fildir<\/h2>\n

      Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l, Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde devletin a\u011f\u0131r krizlere h\u0131zl\u0131 cevap verebilmesini sa\u011flayan; fakat bu cevab\u0131 anayasal s\u0131n\u0131rlar, Meclis onay\u0131, s\u00fcre k\u0131s\u0131t\u0131, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck, gerek\u00e7elilik ve yarg\u0131 denetimiyle \u00e7evreleyen temel g\u00fcvence maddelerinden biridir. Madde 84, sava\u015f, seferberlik, b\u00fcy\u00fck afet, salg\u0131n, a\u011f\u0131r g\u00fcvenlik krizi veya kamu d\u00fczenini ciddi bozan zorunlu h\u00e2ller d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc y\u00f6netim usullerinin uygulanamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirterek ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 e\u015fi\u011fini dar tutar.<\/p>\n

      Bu maddenin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc taraf\u0131, y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin h\u0131zl\u0131 hareket etme ihtiyac\u0131 ile demokratik hukuk devleti g\u00fcvencelerini birlikte korumas\u0131d\u0131r. Ba\u015fbakan ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2li gerek\u00e7eli kararla ilan eder; ancak ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisinin onay\u0131na sunar. Meclis k\u0131rk sekiz saat i\u00e7inde toplan\u0131r ve onay vermezse ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l kendili\u011finden kalkar. \u0130lk ilan \u00fc\u00e7 ay\u0131 a\u015famaz; uzatma her defas\u0131nda gerek\u00e7eli Meclis karar\u0131yla m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

      Sonu\u00e7 olarak Madde 84, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2li hukukun d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f kap\u0131s\u0131 olarak de\u011fil, hukukun kriz zaman\u0131nda da i\u015fleyen \u00f6zel rejimi olarak d\u00fczenler. Dar zorunlu tedbirler haklar\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcne dokunamaz; insan onuru, i\u015fkence yasa\u011f\u0131, masumiyet karinesi, savunma, mahkemeye eri\u015fim ve etkili ba\u015fvuru korunur. Se\u00e7imler, yarg\u0131, haklar, TBMM denetimi ve anayasal kurumlar etkisiz k\u0131l\u0131namaz. Bu nedenle ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l, bu anayasa modelinde ge\u00e7icilik, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck, Meclis onay\u0131, yarg\u0131 denetimi ve \u00e7ekirdek hak g\u00fcvenceleri<\/strong> \u00fczerine kurulu anayasal kriz y\u00f6netimi sistemidir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l, devletin sava\u015f, seferberlik, b\u00fcy\u00fck afet, salg\u0131n, a\u011f\u0131r g\u00fcvenlik krizi veya kamu d\u00fczenini ciddi bi\u00e7imde bozan zorunlu durumlarda h\u0131zl\u0131 hareket edebilmesini sa\u011flayan; fakat ayn\u0131 zamanda bu h\u0131zl\u0131 hareketi Anayasa, kanun, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck, ge\u00e7icilik, gerek\u00e7elilik ve yarg\u0131 denetimiyle s\u0131n\u0131rlayan istisnai bir y\u00f6netim usul\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bir anayasal d\u00fczende ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l d\u00fczenlemesi yoksa devlet, a\u011f\u0131r krizler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yava\u015f ve da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k kalabilir. Fakat ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131rsa, ge\u00e7ici kriz yetkileri s\u00fcrekli y\u00f6netim tekni\u011fine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilir. Bu nedenle ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l, hem devleti koruyan hem de devleti hukuk i\u00e7inde tutan \u00e7ift y\u00f6nl\u00fc bir g\u00fcvence olarak tasarlanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde Madde 84, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l yetkisini s\u0131radan y\u00fcr\u00fctme takdirine b\u0131rakmaz. Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc y\u00f6netim usulleri yaln\u0131z sava\u015f, seferberlik, b\u00fcy\u00fck afet, salg\u0131n, a\u011f\u0131r g\u00fcvenlik krizi veya kamu d\u00fczenini ciddi bozan zorunlu h\u00e2llerde uygulanabilir. \u0130lan Ba\u015fbakan\u0131n gerek\u00e7eli karar\u0131yla yap\u0131l\u0131r; ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisinin onay\u0131na sunulur. T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi k\u0131rk sekiz saat i\u00e7inde toplan\u0131r ve onay vermezse ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l kendili\u011finden kalkar. B\u00f6ylece ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l, y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin tek tarafl\u0131 ve uzun s\u00fcreli g\u00fc\u00e7 alan\u0131 de\u011fil; Meclis onay\u0131, s\u00fcre s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 ve yarg\u0131 denetimiyle \u00e7evrelenmi\u015f anayasal kriz y\u00f6netimi usul\u00fcd\u00fcr. Madde 84\u2019\u00fcn en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc y\u00f6nlerinden biri, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l d\u00f6neminde dahi korunacak \u00e7ekirdek g\u00fcvenceleri a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a saymas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130nsan onuru, i\u015fkence yasa\u011f\u0131, su\u00e7 ve cezalar\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fe y\u00fcr\u00fcmezli\u011fi, masumiyet karinesi, savunma, mahkemeye eri\u015fim ve etkili ba\u015fvuru korunur. Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc tedbirler yaln\u0131z durumun zorunlu k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde; konu, yer, s\u00fcre ve ama\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 al\u0131n\u0131r. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l y\u00f6netimini hukukun ask\u0131ya al\u0131nmas\u0131 de\u011fil, hukukun kriz \u015fartlar\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc bi\u00e7imde i\u015fletilmesi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Madde 84 \u2013 Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc H\u00e2l, Ortak G\u00fcvenceler, Tedbirler, Seferberlik ve Sava\u015f H\u00e2li Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc y\u00f6netim usulleri sava\u015f, seferberlik, b\u00fcy\u00fck afet, salg\u0131n, a\u011f\u0131r g\u00fcvenlik krizi veya kamu d\u00fczenini ciddi bozan zorunlu h\u00e2llerde uygulanabilir. Usuller Anayasaya, kanuna, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe, ge\u00e7icili\u011fe, gerek\u00e7elili\u011fe ve yarg\u0131 denetimine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l, Ba\u015fbakan\u0131n gerek\u00e7eli karar\u0131yla ilan edilir ve ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisinin onay\u0131na sunulur. T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi k\u0131rk sekiz (48) saat i\u00e7inde toplan\u0131r; onay vermezse ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l kendili\u011finden kalkar. \u0130lk ilan s\u00fcresi \u00fc\u00e7 (3) ay\u0131 a\u015famaz. T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi onay\u0131 yokken can g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, afet, salg\u0131n, s\u0131n\u0131r g\u00fcvenli\u011fi veya ani sald\u0131r\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131k ve yak\u0131n tehlike s\u00fcr\u00fcyorsa Ba\u015fbakan yetmi\u015f iki (72) saati a\u015fmayan dar zorunlu tedbirler alabilir. Tedbirler haklar\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcne dokunamaz, derh\u00e2l Anayasa Mahkemesi denetimine a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r ve ayn\u0131 olay i\u00e7in tekrarlanamaz. Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2lin uzat\u0131lmas\u0131 her defas\u0131nda gerek\u00e7eli T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi karar\u0131yla ve en \u00e7ok \u00fc\u00e7 (3) ay i\u00e7in m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Toplam s\u00fcrenin bir (1) y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fmas\u0131 ancak sava\u015f, seferberlik veya devam eden b\u00fcy\u00fck afet h\u00e2linde T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n be\u015fte \u00fc\u00e7 (3\/5) \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fuyla m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. \u0130lan, uzatma ve tedbir i\u015flemleri yarg\u0131 denetimine kapat\u0131lamaz. Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc tedbirler yaln\u0131z durumun zorunlu k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde; konu, yer, s\u00fcre ve ama\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 al\u0131n\u0131r. \u0130nsan onuru, i\u015fkence yasa\u011f\u0131, su\u00e7 ve cezalar\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fe y\u00fcr\u00fcmezli\u011fi, masumiyet karinesi, savunma, mahkemeye eri\u015fim ve etkili ba\u015fvuru korunur. Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc y\u00f6netim usulleri kanunla d\u00fczenlenir; kanun bu usulleri s\u00fcrekli rejime d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcremez, se\u00e7imleri, yarg\u0131y\u0131, haklar\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi denetimini veya anayasal kurumlar\u0131 etkisiz k\u0131lamaz. Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc H\u00e2l Neden Gerekli Ama Tehlikeli Bir Yetkidir? Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l, devletin normal hukuk d\u00fczeniyle yeterince h\u0131zl\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k veremeyece\u011fi krizler i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Sava\u015f, seferberlik, b\u00fcy\u00fck afet, salg\u0131n, a\u011f\u0131r g\u00fcvenlik krizi veya kamu d\u00fczenini ciddi bozan zorunlu h\u00e2ller, ola\u011fan usullerin yetersiz kalabilece\u011fi durumlard\u0131r. B\u00f6yle zamanlarda kamu otoritesinin h\u0131zl\u0131 karar almas\u0131, can g\u00fcvenli\u011fini korumas\u0131, hizmet s\u00fcreklili\u011fini sa\u011flamas\u0131 ve krizin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini \u00f6nlemesi gerekebilir. Ancak ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l, k\u00f6t\u00fc tasarlan\u0131rsa anayasal d\u00fczen i\u00e7in risk de \u00fcretir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc kriz zamanlar\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fctme g\u00fcc\u00fc artar, karar s\u00fcreleri k\u0131sal\u0131r, tedbirler sertle\u015fir ve kamuoyu denetimi zay\u0131flayabilir. Bu y\u00fczden ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l yetkisi, yaln\u0131z kriz tan\u0131m\u0131yla de\u011fil, s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131yla birlikte yaz\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Madde 84 bu dengeyi kurar. Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc y\u00f6netim usulleri Anayasaya, kanuna, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe, ge\u00e7icili\u011fe, gerek\u00e7elili\u011fe ve yarg\u0131 denetimine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu alt\u0131 \u015fart, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2lin keyf\u00eele\u015fmesini \u00f6nleyen anayasal kilitlerdir. Ba\u015fbakan \u0130lan Eder, Meclis K\u0131rk Sekiz Saatte Denetler Madde 84\u2019e g\u00f6re ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l Ba\u015fbakan\u0131n gerek\u00e7eli karar\u0131yla ilan edilir ve ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisinin onay\u0131na sunulur. Bu y\u00f6ntem, kriz an\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fctmeye h\u0131zl\u0131 hareket imk\u00e2n\u0131 verir; fakat bu imk\u00e2n\u0131 Meclis denetimi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rakmaz. Ba\u015fbakan krize ilk tepkiyi verir, Meclis ise bu tepkinin anayasal ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini k\u0131rk sekiz saat i\u00e7inde de\u011ferlendirir. K\u0131rk sekiz saatlik toplant\u0131 zorunlulu\u011fu, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2lin y\u00fcr\u00fctme karar\u0131yla uzun s\u00fcre devam etmesini engeller. Meclis onay vermezse ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l kendili\u011finden kalkar. B\u00f6ylece ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l, fiilen y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konulup sonra unutulan veya denetimden ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lan bir rejim h\u00e2line gelemez. Venedik Komisyonunun emergency powers standards sayfas\u0131, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc yetkilerin demokrasi, insan haklar\u0131 ve hukuk devletiyle uyumlulu\u011funu de\u011ferlendiren \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara eri\u015fim sa\u011flar. Madde 84\u2019te Meclis onay\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131 ve zorunlu tutulmas\u0131 da ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc yetkilerin demokratik denetime ba\u011flanmas\u0131 fikriyle uyumludur. \u0130lk S\u00fcre Neden \u00dc\u00e7 Ayla S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r? Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2lin ilk ilan s\u00fcresi \u00fc\u00e7 ay\u0131 a\u015famaz. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2lin ge\u00e7ici niteli\u011fini somutla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. S\u00fcre s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 yoksa, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l yava\u015f yava\u015f normal y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilir. \u00dc\u00e7 ayl\u0131k ilk s\u00fcre, y\u00fcr\u00fctmeye krize m\u00fcdahale i\u00e7in zaman verir; fakat bu m\u00fcdahalenin s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z olmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller. \u00dc\u00e7 ay doldu\u011funda ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2lin devam etmesi gerekiyorsa, uzatma i\u00e7in yeniden gerek\u00e7e ve Meclis karar\u0131 gerekir. B\u00f6ylece ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l, bir kez ilan edildi\u011finde kendi kendine ya\u015fayan bir rejim olmaz. Her uzatma yeniden de\u011ferlendirme, gerek\u00e7e ve siyasal sorumluluk gerektirir. Bu s\u00fcre mant\u0131\u011f\u0131, kriz y\u00f6netiminde \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn zaman boyutunu temsil eder. Tedbir ne kadar a\u011f\u0131rsa, s\u00fcresi de o kadar dikkatli s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l, krizin ihtiyac\u0131 kadar s\u00fcrmeli; krizi a\u015fan bir y\u00f6netim al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmemelidir. Meclis Onay\u0131 Yoksa Dar Zorunlu Tedbir Nedir? Madde 84, Meclis onay\u0131 yokken bile baz\u0131 \u00e7ok s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 durumlarda Ba\u015fbakan\u0131n yetmi\u015f iki saati a\u015fmayan dar zorunlu tedbirler alabilece\u011fini kabul eder. Bu ihtimal; can g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, afet, salg\u0131n, s\u0131n\u0131r g\u00fcvenli\u011fi veya ani sald\u0131r\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131k ve yak\u0131n tehlikenin s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc durumlarla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, ger\u00e7ek hayat\u0131n aciliyetini dikkate al\u0131r. Baz\u0131 krizlerde Meclis onay\u0131 al\u0131nana kadar beklemek, can kayb\u0131na veya a\u011f\u0131r kamu zarar\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilir. Ancak Madde 84, bu ge\u00e7ici yetkiyi geni\u015f bir ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l rejimine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmez. Tedbirler yetmi\u015f iki saati a\u015famaz, haklar\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcne dokunamaz, derh\u00e2l Anayasa Mahkemesi denetimine a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r ve ayn\u0131 olay i\u00e7in tekrarlanamaz. Buradaki \u201cayn\u0131 olay i\u00e7in tekrarlanamaz\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fc \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nemlidir. Y\u00fcr\u00fctme, Meclis onay\u0131 olmadan ayn\u0131 olaya dayanarak s\u00fcrekli yetmi\u015f iki saatlik tedbirler zinciri kuramaz. Bu, dar zorunlu tedbiri ger\u00e7ek bir acil m\u00fcdahale arac\u0131 olarak tutar; ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2lin arka kap\u0131s\u0131 h\u00e2line getirmez. Uzatma Karar\u0131 Nas\u0131l Al\u0131n\u0131r? Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2lin uzat\u0131lmas\u0131 her defas\u0131nda gerek\u00e7eli T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi karar\u0131yla ve en \u00e7ok \u00fc\u00e7 ay i\u00e7in m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu d\u00fczenleme, uzatman\u0131n otomatik olmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller. Her uzatma, ayr\u0131 gerek\u00e7eye, ayr\u0131 Meclis de\u011ferlendirmesine ve ayr\u0131 siyasi sorumlulu\u011fa ba\u011flan\u0131r. Toplam s\u00fcrenin bir y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fmas\u0131 ise daha a\u011f\u0131r \u015fartlara ba\u011flan\u0131r. Bu ancak sava\u015f, seferberlik veya devam eden b\u00fcy\u00fck afet h\u00e2linde ve T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n be\u015fte \u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fuyla m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. B\u00f6ylece ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2lin uzun s\u00fcre devam etmesi s\u0131radan \u00e7o\u011funluk karar\u0131na b\u0131rak\u0131lmaz. Bu y\u00fcksek e\u015fik, uzun s\u00fcreli ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2lin anayasal d\u00fczen \u00fczerinde daha b\u00fcy\u00fck etki do\u011furabilece\u011fi ger\u00e7e\u011fine dayan\u0131r. S\u00fcre uzad\u0131k\u00e7a istisna rejiminin normalle\u015fme riski artar. Madde 84 bu riski, hem konu s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131 hem nitelikli \u00e7o\u011funluk \u015fart\u0131yla azalt\u0131r. Yarg\u0131 Denetimine Kapat\u0131lamayan Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc Yetki Madde 84, ilan, uzatma ve tedbir i\u015flemlerinin yarg\u0131 denetimine kapat\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a d\u00fczenler. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l i\u00e7inde hukuk devletinin devam etti\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. Kriz d\u00f6neminde yarg\u0131 denetimi tamamen d\u0131\u015flan\u0131rsa, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc yetki kolayca keyf\u00eeli\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilir. Yarg\u0131 denetimi, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2lin yerindeli\u011fini de\u011fil; yetkinin Anayasaya, kanuna, s\u00fcreye, amaca, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe ve haklar\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcne uygun kullan\u0131l\u0131p kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirir. B\u00f6ylece mahkemeler kriz y\u00f6netiminin yerine ge\u00e7mez; fakat kriz bahanesiyle hukukun d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler. Venedik Komisyonunun Emergency Powers Observatory \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerde ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc yetkilerin anayasal ve kanuni d\u00fczenleni\u015fine ili\u015fkin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 bilgiler sunar. Madde 84\u2019\u00fcn yarg\u0131 denetimi vurgusu, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc yetkilerin kapal\u0131 ve dokunulmaz bir alan olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmemesi gerekti\u011fi fikrini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir. Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc Tedbirlerin D\u00f6rt S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 Madde 84, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc tedbirlerin yaln\u0131z durumun zorunlu k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde al\u0131nabilece\u011fini belirtir ve tedbirleri konu, yer, s\u00fcre ve ama\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rlar. Bu d\u00f6rt s\u0131n\u0131r, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l y\u00f6netiminin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck denetimini somutla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. S\u0131n\u0131r Anlam\u0131 Konu Tedbir yaln\u0131z krize ili\u015fkin konuda al\u0131nabilir. Yer Tedbir krizden etkilenen alanla s\u0131n\u0131rlanmal\u0131d\u0131r. S\u00fcre Tedbir ihtiya\u00e7 devam etti\u011fi s\u00fcrece uygulanabilir. Ama\u00e7 Tedbir yaln\u0131z krizi gidermek veya zarar\u0131 azaltmak amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131labilir. Bu s\u0131n\u0131rlama, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2lin \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131nda, s\u00fcresiz ve belirsiz tedbirler \u00fcreten genel bir y\u00f6netim rejimine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesini \u00f6nler. Kriz nerede ve ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde varsa, tedbir de orada ve o \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde olmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7ekirdek Haklar Neden Korunur? Madde 84, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l d\u00f6neminde dahi insan onuru, i\u015fkence yasa\u011f\u0131, su\u00e7 ve cezalar\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fe y\u00fcr\u00fcmezli\u011fi, masumiyet karinesi, savunma, mahkemeye eri\u015fim ve etkili ba\u015fvuru haklar\u0131n\u0131n korunaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenler. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, krizin hukuk d\u0131\u015f\u0131 alan olu\u015fturamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6sterir. Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l, devletin daha h\u0131zl\u0131 ve yo\u011fun tedbir almas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayabilir; fakat insan onurunu ortadan kald\u0131rmaz. \u0130\u015fkence yasa\u011f\u0131na istisna getirilemez. Su\u00e7 ve ceza ge\u00e7mi\u015fe y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclemez. Masumiyet karinesi yok say\u0131lamaz. Savunma, mahkemeye eri\u015fim ve etkili ba\u015fvuru haklar\u0131 korunmadan ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l yarg\u0131s\u0131z cezaland\u0131rma d\u00fczenine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilir. BM \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Komitesi\u2019nin General Comment No. 29 metni, Medeni ve Siyasal Haklar S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin 4. maddesi kapsam\u0131nda ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2llerde derogasyon meselesini a\u00e7\u0131klar. Ayn\u0131 konuda Refworld \u00fczerinden eri\u015filebilen General Comment No. 29 kayd\u0131 da ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde bile baz\u0131 hak g\u00fcvencelerinin korunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6steren \u00f6nemli bir uluslararas\u0131 kaynakt\u0131r. Kanun Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc H\u00e2li S\u00fcrekli Rejime \u00c7eviremez Madde 84\u2019\u00fcn son f\u0131kras\u0131, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc y\u00f6netim usullerinin kanunla d\u00fczenlenece\u011fini; fakat kanunun bu usulleri s\u00fcrekli rejime d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcremeyece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a s\u00f6yler. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l hukukunun en kritik g\u00fcvenlik kilitlerinden biridir. Kanun koyucu ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l usullerini ayr\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131rabilir; ancak bu yetki, ge\u00e7ici kriz rejimini kal\u0131c\u0131 y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imine \u00e7evirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lamaz. Se\u00e7imler, yarg\u0131, haklar, T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi denetimi veya anayasal kurumlar ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc y\u00f6netim gerek\u00e7esiyle etkisiz k\u0131l\u0131namaz. International IDEA\u2019n\u0131n Emergency Powers \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, anayasa yap\u0131m s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc yetkilerin nas\u0131l tasarlanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine ili\u015fkin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve sunar. Madde 84 de ayn\u0131 temel sorunla ilgilenir: Devlet kriz an\u0131nda hareket edebilmeli, fakat kriz yetkisi anayasal demokrasiyi yutacak kal\u0131c\u0131 bir rejime d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmemelidir. Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc H\u00e2l Sisteminin G\u00fcvence Haritas\u0131 Madde 84, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2li yaln\u0131z ilan yetkisi olarak de\u011fil, \u00e7ok katmanl\u0131 bir g\u00fcvence sistemi olarak d\u00fczenler. Bu sistemde y\u00fcr\u00fctme h\u0131zl\u0131 hareket eder; Meclis onay verir veya kald\u0131r\u0131r; Anayasa Mahkemesi ve yarg\u0131 denetimi a\u00e7\u0131k kal\u0131r; s\u00fcreler s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r; \u00e7ekirdek haklar korunur. Zorunlu sebep: Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc y\u00f6netim yaln\u0131z sava\u015f, afet, salg\u0131n, a\u011f\u0131r g\u00fcvenlik krizi veya ciddi kamu d\u00fczeni bozulmas\u0131 gibi h\u00e2llerde uygulanabilir. Gerek\u00e7eli ilan: Ba\u015fbakan karar\u0131 gerek\u00e7eli olmak zorundad\u0131r. Meclis onay\u0131: T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi k\u0131rk sekiz saat i\u00e7inde toplan\u0131r. S\u00fcre s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131: \u0130lk ilan \u00fc\u00e7 ay\u0131 a\u015famaz; uzatma da her defas\u0131nda en \u00e7ok \u00fc\u00e7 ay olabilir. Nitelikli \u00e7o\u011funluk: Bir y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fan s\u00fcre ancak belirli a\u011f\u0131r h\u00e2llerde be\u015fte \u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7o\u011funlukla m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Yarg\u0131 denetimi: \u0130lan, uzatma ve tedbir i\u015flemleri yarg\u0131 denetimine kapat\u0131lamaz. \u00c7ekirdek haklar: \u0130nsan onuru, i\u015fkence yasa\u011f\u0131, savunma, mahkemeye eri\u015fim ve etkili ba\u015fvuru korunur. Bu harita, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2lin anayasa i\u00e7inde hem kullan\u0131labilir hem s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131labilir bir kriz arac\u0131 olarak kuruldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. Vatanda\u015f A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc H\u00e2l Ne Anlama Gelir? Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l vatanda\u015f i\u00e7in iki y\u00f6nl\u00fc sonu\u00e7 do\u011furur. Bir yandan devletin afet, salg\u0131n, sald\u0131r\u0131 veya a\u011f\u0131r g\u00fcvenlik krizinde h\u0131zl\u0131 hareket etmesi vatanda\u015f\u0131n can g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve kamu hizmeti s\u00fcreklili\u011fi i\u00e7in gereklidir. Di\u011fer yandan ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l, g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayat\u0131, hak kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131, seyahat, toplant\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma veya ba\u015fvuru yollar\u0131n\u0131 etkileyebilir. Bu y\u00fczden vatanda\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan en \u00f6nemli mesele, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2lin ne kadar s\u00fcreyle, hangi ama\u00e7la, hangi denetimle ve hangi hak s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde uygulanaca\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Madde 84 vatanda\u015f i\u00e7in \u015fu g\u00fcvenceleri sa\u011flar: Belirli sebep g\u00fcvencesi: Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l yaln\u0131z zorunlu krizlerde uygulanabilir. Meclis denetimi: K\u0131rk sekiz saat i\u00e7inde TBMM onay\u0131 gerekir. Ge\u00e7icilik: \u0130lk ilan ve her uzatma \u00fc\u00e7 ayla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. Yarg\u0131ya eri\u015fim: \u0130lan, uzatma ve tedbirler yarg\u0131 denetimine kapat\u0131lamaz. Haklar\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fc: Dar zorunlu tedbirler haklar\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcne dokunamaz. \u00c7ekirdek haklar: \u0130nsan onuru, savunma ve mahkemeye eri\u015fim korunur. S\u00fcrekli rejim yasa\u011f\u0131: Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc y\u00f6netim usulleri kal\u0131c\u0131 y\u00f6netime d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclemez. Bu g\u00fcvenceler, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2lin vatanda\u015f kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z g\u00fc\u00e7 de\u011fil, hukuk i\u00e7inde kullan\u0131labilecek ge\u00e7ici kriz yetkisi oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. Sonu\u00e7: Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc H\u00e2l Hukukun Ask\u0131ya Al\u0131nmas\u0131 De\u011fildir Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l, Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde devletin a\u011f\u0131r krizlere h\u0131zl\u0131 cevap verebilmesini sa\u011flayan; fakat bu cevab\u0131 anayasal s\u0131n\u0131rlar, Meclis onay\u0131, s\u00fcre k\u0131s\u0131t\u0131, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck, gerek\u00e7elilik ve yarg\u0131 denetimiyle \u00e7evreleyen temel g\u00fcvence maddelerinden biridir. Madde 84, sava\u015f, seferberlik, b\u00fcy\u00fck afet, salg\u0131n, a\u011f\u0131r g\u00fcvenlik krizi veya kamu d\u00fczenini ciddi bozan zorunlu h\u00e2ller d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc y\u00f6netim usullerinin uygulanamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirterek ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 e\u015fi\u011fini dar tutar. Bu maddenin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc taraf\u0131, y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin h\u0131zl\u0131 hareket etme ihtiyac\u0131 ile demokratik hukuk devleti g\u00fcvencelerini birlikte korumas\u0131d\u0131r. Ba\u015fbakan ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2li gerek\u00e7eli kararla ilan eder; ancak ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisinin onay\u0131na sunar. Meclis k\u0131rk sekiz saat i\u00e7inde toplan\u0131r ve onay vermezse ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l kendili\u011finden kalkar. \u0130lk ilan \u00fc\u00e7 ay\u0131 a\u015famaz; uzatma her defas\u0131nda gerek\u00e7eli Meclis karar\u0131yla m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Sonu\u00e7 olarak Madde 84, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2li hukukun d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f kap\u0131s\u0131 olarak de\u011fil, hukukun kriz zaman\u0131nda da i\u015fleyen \u00f6zel rejimi olarak d\u00fczenler. Dar zorunlu tedbirler haklar\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcne dokunamaz; insan onuru, i\u015fkence yasa\u011f\u0131, masumiyet karinesi, savunma, mahkemeye eri\u015fim ve etkili ba\u015fvuru korunur. Se\u00e7imler, yarg\u0131, haklar, TBMM denetimi ve anayasal kurumlar etkisiz k\u0131l\u0131namaz. Bu nedenle ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l, bu anayasa modelinde ge\u00e7icilik, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck, Meclis onay\u0131, yarg\u0131 denetimi ve \u00e7ekirdek hak g\u00fcvenceleri \u00fczerine kurulu anayasal kriz y\u00f6netimi sistemidir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":323,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-322","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-yurutme-basbakanlik-ve-idare"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/322","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=322"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/322\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":324,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/322\/revisions\/324"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/323"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=322"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=322"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=322"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}