{"id":170,"date":"2026-06-15T12:18:52","date_gmt":"2026-06-15T12:18:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/?p=170"},"modified":"2026-06-15T12:18:52","modified_gmt":"2026-06-15T12:18:52","slug":"kiyilar-toprak-tarim-ve-hayvanciligin-korunmasi-madde-36","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/kiyilar-toprak-tarim-ve-hayvanciligin-korunmasi-madde-36\/","title":{"rendered":"Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131&#8217;nda K\u0131y\u0131lar, Toprak, Tar\u0131m ve Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n Korunmas\u0131 (Madde 36)"},"content":{"rendered":"<article><strong>K\u0131y\u0131lar, toprak, tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n korunmas\u0131<\/strong>, bir \u00fclkenin yaln\u0131z bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00fcretim d\u00fczenini de\u011fil, gelecek nesillerin ya\u015fam imk\u00e2nlar\u0131n\u0131 da belirleyen temel anayasal alanlardan biridir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc k\u0131y\u0131lar yaln\u0131z deniz kenar\u0131nda uzanan do\u011fal g\u00fczellikler de\u011fildir; toplumun ortak yararlanma alan\u0131d\u0131r. Toprak yaln\u0131z ekonomik bir varl\u0131k de\u011fildir; g\u0131dan\u0131n, \u00fcretimin, k\u00f6y hayat\u0131n\u0131n, \u00e7ift\u00e7ili\u011fin ve mill\u00ee dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u00f6k\u00fcd\u00fcr. Tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k ise sadece sekt\u00f6r de\u011fil; sofraya gelen ekme\u011fin, \u00e7ocu\u011fun i\u00e7ti\u011fi s\u00fct\u00fcn, \u00fclkenin kriz d\u00f6nemindeki dayanma g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn ad\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle <a href=\"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131<\/a> i\u00e7inde Madde 36, k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131, topra\u011f\u0131, tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimi ve destek politikalar\u0131n\u0131 kamu yarar\u0131, e\u015fit yararlanma, bilimsel veri ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ele al\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Bu madde, olduk\u00e7a ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bir devlet akl\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r. Bir yandan k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n ayr\u0131cal\u0131k rejimine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesini engellerken, di\u011fer yandan da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan topraklar\u0131n \u00fcretim amac\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesini, devredilmesini veya verimsizle\u015fmesini \u00f6nler. Tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim planlamas\u0131n\u0131 da keyf\u00ee desteklere de\u011fil; <em>bilimsel veri<\/em>, g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, liyakat, adil piyasa ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve denetlenebilir gerek\u00e7eye ba\u011flar. B\u00f6ylece <strong><em>k\u0131y\u0131lar, toprak, tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n korunmas\u0131<\/em><\/strong>, yaln\u0131z \u00e7evre duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fil; sosyal adalet, \u00fcretim g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve mill\u00ee kapasite meselesi h\u00e2line gelir.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Madde 36 \u2013 K\u0131y\u0131lar, Toprak, Tar\u0131m ve Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n Korunmas\u0131<\/strong><br \/>\nK\u0131y\u0131lar Devletin h\u00fck\u00fcm ve tasarrufu alt\u0131ndad\u0131r; kullan\u0131mlar\u0131 e\u015fit ve serbest yararlanma hakk\u0131n\u0131 zedelemeyecek ve ayr\u0131cal\u0131k rejimi do\u011furmayacak \u015fekilde kanunla d\u00fczenlenir.<\/p>\n<p>Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan topraklar b\u00f6l\u00fcnemez, miras h\u00fck\u00fcmleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda devredilemez ve ancak hak sahipleri ile miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131nca i\u015fletilebilir. Toprak da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131, i\u015fletilmesi, geri al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve toprak geni\u015fli\u011fi; arazi niteli\u011fi, \u00fcretim kapasitesi, \u00e7ift\u00e7ilik faaliyeti, b\u00f6lgesel ihtiya\u00e7 ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir i\u015fletme \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerine dayanan objektif ve yarg\u0131sal denetime elveri\u015fli esaslara ba\u011flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim planlamas\u0131 ve destekler; liyakat, bilimsel veri, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik, g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, adil piyasa ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve denetlenebilir gerek\u00e7eye dayan\u0131r; keyf\u00ee ayr\u0131cal\u0131k, b\u00f6lgesel adaletsizlik veya \u00fcretim amac\u0131n\u0131 zay\u0131flatan uygulama do\u011furamaz.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h2>K\u0131y\u0131lar, toplumun ortak nefes alan\u0131d\u0131r<\/h2>\n<p><strong>K\u0131y\u0131lar, toprak, tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n korunmas\u0131<\/strong> i\u00e7inde k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6zel bir yeri vard\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc k\u0131y\u0131lar, do\u011fal g\u00fczelli\u011fin, kamusal yararlanman\u0131n, turizmin, bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n, ekolojik dengenin ve \u015fehir hayat\u0131n\u0131n kesi\u015fti\u011fi alanlard\u0131r. Madde 36, k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n Devletin h\u00fck\u00fcm ve tasarrufu alt\u0131nda oldu\u011funu belirterek bu alanlar\u0131n rastgele \u00f6zel \u00e7\u0131kar d\u00fczenine b\u0131rak\u0131lmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ortaya koyar.<\/p>\n<p>Buradaki as\u0131l mesele \u015fudur: K\u0131y\u0131lar belli ki\u015fi, \u015firket veya z\u00fcmrelerin ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmemelidir. Kanunla d\u00fczenleme yap\u0131labilir; fakat bu d\u00fczenleme <u>e\u015fit ve serbest yararlanma hakk\u0131n\u0131<\/u> zedelememelidir. Bir k\u0131y\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn: Denize bak\u0131yor, r\u00fczg\u00e2r\u0131 herkes i\u00e7in esiyor; fakat fiilen yaln\u0131z baz\u0131 kapal\u0131 gruplar\u0131n eri\u015fimine a\u00e7\u0131k. \u0130\u015fte Madde 36 bu adaletsizli\u011fi \u00f6nlemek ister. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unep.org\/topics\/ocean-seas-and-coasts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">K\u0131y\u0131 ve deniz alanlar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131<\/a>, bug\u00fcn \u00e7evresel s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik kadar kamusal yararlanma a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u00f6nemli bir ba\u015fl\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h2>Toprak da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 \u00fcretimle ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kaybederse adalet zay\u0131flar<\/h2>\n<p>Madde 36, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan topraklar\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcnemeyece\u011fini, miras h\u00fck\u00fcmleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda devredilemeyece\u011fini ve ancak hak sahipleri ile miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131nca i\u015fletilebilece\u011fini belirtir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, <strong>k\u0131y\u0131lar, toprak, tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n korunmas\u0131<\/strong> bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir \u00fcretim mant\u0131\u011f\u0131na dayan\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc toprak da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131, sadece m\u00fclkiyet aktar\u0131m\u0131 de\u011fil; \u00fcretimi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirme ve \u00e7ift\u00e7ili\u011fi ya\u015fatma amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan topra\u011f\u0131n k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede par\u00e7alanmas\u0131, amac\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda el de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi veya tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimden kopmas\u0131, hem kamu yarar\u0131n\u0131 hem de k\u0131rsal \u00fcretim d\u00fczenini zedeler. Bu y\u00fczden toprak da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131; arazi niteli\u011fi, \u00fcretim kapasitesi, \u00e7ift\u00e7ilik faaliyeti, b\u00f6lgesel ihtiya\u00e7 ve <em>s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir i\u015fletme \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctleri<\/em> \u00fczerinden de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. FAO\u2019nun <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/sustainability\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir tar\u0131m<\/a> yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 da bug\u00fcn\u00fcn ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131larken gelecek nesillerin \u00fcretim imk\u00e2nlar\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcketmeyen bir tar\u0131msal d\u00fczeni \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Arazi niteli\u011fi<\/strong>, topra\u011f\u0131n hangi \u00fcretime uygun oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir.<\/li>\n<li><u>\u00dcretim kapasitesi<\/u>, destek ve planlamada ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc sa\u011flar.<\/li>\n<li><em>\u00c7ift\u00e7ilik faaliyeti<\/em>, topra\u011f\u0131n \u00fcretimle ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korur.<\/li>\n<li><strong>S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir i\u015fletme<\/strong>, topra\u011f\u0131n gelece\u011fini g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Yarg\u0131sal denetime a\u00e7\u0131k kurallar, topra\u011f\u0131 keyf\u00eelikten korur<\/h2>\n<p><strong>K\u0131y\u0131lar, toprak, tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n korunmas\u0131<\/strong> yaln\u0131z idari planlama meselesi de\u011fildir; ayn\u0131 zamanda hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi meselesidir. Madde 36, toprak da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131, i\u015fletilmesi, geri al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve toprak geni\u015fli\u011fi konular\u0131nda objektif ve yarg\u0131sal denetime elveri\u015fli esaslar \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcr. Bu ifade, topra\u011f\u0131n keyf\u00ee kararlarla da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 veya geri al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyen g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir anayasal g\u00fcvencedir.<\/p>\n<p>Toprak politikas\u0131, kapal\u0131 ili\u015fkilerle veya ge\u00e7ici tercihlerle y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcrse hem \u00e7ift\u00e7i zarar g\u00f6r\u00fcr hem de \u00fcretim planlamas\u0131 bozulur. Kimin hangi \u015fartla toprak alaca\u011f\u0131, hangi y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckle i\u015fletece\u011fi, hangi durumda geri al\u0131nabilece\u011fi ve hangi geni\u015flikte s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir i\u015fletme kurulaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nceden belirli olmal\u0131d\u0131r. <u>Yarg\u0131sal denetime elveri\u015fli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctler<\/u>, kamu g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc \u015feffafla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece \u00e7ift\u00e7i de devlet de hangi ilkeye g\u00f6re hareket edildi\u011fini bilir.<\/p>\n<h2>Tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim planlamas\u0131 duyguyla de\u011fil, veriyle yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r<\/h2>\n<p>Madde 36\u2019n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim planlamas\u0131 ve destekleri bilimsel veri, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik, g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, adil piyasa ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve denetlenebilir gerek\u00e7eye ba\u011flar. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, <strong>k\u0131y\u0131lar, toprak, tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n korunmas\u0131<\/strong> bak\u0131m\u0131ndan maddenin en \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f y\u00f6nlerinden biridir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc tar\u0131m, tesad\u00fcfe veya k\u0131sa vadeli pop\u00fcler kararlara b\u0131rak\u0131lmayacak kadar stratejik bir aland\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Hangi \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn nerede desteklenece\u011fi, hangi b\u00f6lgede hangi hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k modelinin g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilece\u011fi, su kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n ne kadar kald\u0131rabilece\u011fi, topra\u011f\u0131n verimlili\u011fi, iklim riski ve piyasa ihtiyac\u0131 birlikte de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. OECD\u2019nin <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/topics\/agricultural-productivity-and-innovation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tar\u0131msal \u00fcretkenlik ve yenilik<\/a> \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 da verimlilik, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik ve dayan\u0131kl\u0131 g\u0131da sistemleri aras\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ba\u011f kurar. Ger\u00e7ek tar\u0131m politikas\u0131, iyi niyetli sloganlarla de\u011fil, do\u011fru veri ve hesap verebilir destek d\u00fczeniyle kurulur.<\/p>\n<h2>G\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, mill\u00ee g\u00fcvenli\u011fin sessiz cephesidir<\/h2>\n<p><strong>K\u0131y\u0131lar, toprak, tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n korunmas\u0131<\/strong>, en sonunda g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fiyle do\u011frudan birle\u015fir. G\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, market raflar\u0131n\u0131n dolu g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesinden ibaret de\u011fildir. \u00dcretim zincirinin i\u015flemesi, \u00e7ift\u00e7inin \u00fcretimde kalmas\u0131, hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir olmas\u0131, toprak ve su kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131, adil piyasa ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve kriz d\u00f6nemlerinde \u00fclkenin kendi temel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layabilmesi anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n<p>FAO, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir g\u0131da ve tar\u0131m\u0131n g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011finin eri\u015filebilirlik, bulunabilirlik, kullan\u0131m ve istikrar boyutlar\u0131na katk\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Bu bak\u0131mdan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/food-security\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi<\/a>, yaln\u0131z tar\u0131m bakanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n teknik ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fildir; anayasal d\u00fczeyde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmesi gereken stratejik bir meseledir. <strong><em>G\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve adil piyasa ko\u015fullar\u0131<\/em><\/strong> birlikte sa\u011flanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hem \u00fcretici hem t\u00fcketici zarar g\u00f6r\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<h2>Destekler ayr\u0131cal\u0131\u011fa de\u011fil, \u00fcretim amac\u0131na hizmet etmelidir<\/h2>\n<p>Madde 36, tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim planlamas\u0131 ve desteklerin keyf\u00ee ayr\u0131cal\u0131k, b\u00f6lgesel adaletsizlik veya \u00fcretim amac\u0131n\u0131 zay\u0131flatan uygulama do\u011furamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtir. Bu c\u00fcmle, <strong>k\u0131y\u0131lar, toprak, tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n korunmas\u0131<\/strong> a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan son derece de\u011ferlidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc tar\u0131m destekleri do\u011fru kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00fcreticiyi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir; yanl\u0131\u015f kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kaynak israf\u0131, adaletsizlik ve ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k \u00fcretir.<\/p>\n<p>Destek sistemi \u015feffaf, gerek\u00e7eli ve denetlenebilir olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc \u00fcreten iki b\u00f6lge aras\u0131nda anlams\u0131z farkl\u0131l\u0131klar yarat\u0131lmamal\u0131; ger\u00e7ekten \u00fcretim yapan \u00e7ift\u00e7i yerine ili\u015fki a\u011f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ki\u015fi veya yap\u0131lar desteklenmemelidir. <u>Denetlenebilir destek politikas\u0131<\/u>, hem kamu kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korur hem de \u00fcreticinin devlete g\u00fcvenini art\u0131r\u0131r. Buradaki \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc \u00e7ok nettir: Destek, \u00fcretimi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmeli; ayr\u0131cal\u0131k d\u00fczeni kurmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h2>Son De\u011ferlendirme<\/h2>\n<p><strong>K\u0131y\u0131lar, toprak, tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n korunmas\u0131<\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131<\/a> i\u00e7inde ortak yararlanma, \u00fcretim g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, tar\u0131msal s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik ve g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ekseninde d\u00fczenlenen g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir anayasal \u00e7er\u00e7evedir. Madde 36, k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n Devletin h\u00fck\u00fcm ve tasarrufu alt\u0131nda oldu\u011funu belirtir; ancak bu kullan\u0131m\u0131n e\u015fit ve serbest yararlanma hakk\u0131n\u0131 zedelemeyecek ve ayr\u0131cal\u0131k rejimi do\u011furmayacak \u015fekilde kanunla d\u00fczenlenmesini \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p>Bu maddenin as\u0131l de\u011feri, topra\u011f\u0131 yaln\u0131z m\u00fclkiyet konusu de\u011fil, \u00fcretim ve kamu yarar\u0131 alan\u0131 olarak ele almas\u0131d\u0131r. Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan topraklar\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcnememesi, miras h\u00fck\u00fcmleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda devredilememesi ve hak sahipleriyle miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131nca i\u015fletilmesi; topra\u011f\u0131n \u00fcretim amac\u0131yla ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korur. Tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim planlamas\u0131 ve desteklerin liyakat, bilimsel veri, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik, g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, adil piyasa ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve denetlenebilir gerek\u00e7eye dayanmas\u0131 ise \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f ve hesap verebilir bir tar\u0131m politikas\u0131 hedefler. B\u00f6ylece <strong>k\u0131y\u0131lar, toprak, tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n korunmas\u0131<\/strong>, do\u011fay\u0131, \u00fcreticiyi, t\u00fcketiciyi ve gelecek nesilleri birlikte d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen dengeli bir anayasal ilkeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>K\u0131y\u0131lar, toprak, tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n korunmas\u0131, bir \u00fclkenin yaln\u0131z bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00fcretim d\u00fczenini de\u011fil, gelecek nesillerin ya\u015fam imk\u00e2nlar\u0131n\u0131 da belirleyen temel anayasal alanlardan biridir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc k\u0131y\u0131lar yaln\u0131z deniz kenar\u0131nda uzanan do\u011fal g\u00fczellikler de\u011fildir; toplumun ortak yararlanma alan\u0131d\u0131r. Toprak yaln\u0131z ekonomik bir varl\u0131k de\u011fildir; g\u0131dan\u0131n, \u00fcretimin, k\u00f6y hayat\u0131n\u0131n, \u00e7ift\u00e7ili\u011fin ve mill\u00ee dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u00f6k\u00fcd\u00fcr. Tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k ise sadece sekt\u00f6r de\u011fil; sofraya gelen ekme\u011fin, \u00e7ocu\u011fun i\u00e7ti\u011fi s\u00fct\u00fcn, \u00fclkenin kriz d\u00f6nemindeki dayanma g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn ad\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde Madde 36, k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131, topra\u011f\u0131, tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimi ve destek politikalar\u0131n\u0131 kamu yarar\u0131, e\u015fit yararlanma, bilimsel veri ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ele al\u0131r. Bu madde, olduk\u00e7a ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bir devlet akl\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r. Bir yandan k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n ayr\u0131cal\u0131k rejimine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesini engellerken, di\u011fer yandan da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan topraklar\u0131n \u00fcretim amac\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesini, devredilmesini veya verimsizle\u015fmesini \u00f6nler. Tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim planlamas\u0131n\u0131 da keyf\u00ee desteklere de\u011fil; bilimsel veri, g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, liyakat, adil piyasa ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve denetlenebilir gerek\u00e7eye ba\u011flar. B\u00f6ylece k\u0131y\u0131lar, toprak, tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n korunmas\u0131, yaln\u0131z \u00e7evre duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fil; sosyal adalet, \u00fcretim g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve mill\u00ee kapasite meselesi h\u00e2line gelir. Madde 36 \u2013 K\u0131y\u0131lar, Toprak, Tar\u0131m ve Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n Korunmas\u0131 K\u0131y\u0131lar Devletin h\u00fck\u00fcm ve tasarrufu alt\u0131ndad\u0131r; kullan\u0131mlar\u0131 e\u015fit ve serbest yararlanma hakk\u0131n\u0131 zedelemeyecek ve ayr\u0131cal\u0131k rejimi do\u011furmayacak \u015fekilde kanunla d\u00fczenlenir. Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan topraklar b\u00f6l\u00fcnemez, miras h\u00fck\u00fcmleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda devredilemez ve ancak hak sahipleri ile miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131nca i\u015fletilebilir. Toprak da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131, i\u015fletilmesi, geri al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve toprak geni\u015fli\u011fi; arazi niteli\u011fi, \u00fcretim kapasitesi, \u00e7ift\u00e7ilik faaliyeti, b\u00f6lgesel ihtiya\u00e7 ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir i\u015fletme \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerine dayanan objektif ve yarg\u0131sal denetime elveri\u015fli esaslara ba\u011flan\u0131r. Tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim planlamas\u0131 ve destekler; liyakat, bilimsel veri, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik, g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, adil piyasa ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve denetlenebilir gerek\u00e7eye dayan\u0131r; keyf\u00ee ayr\u0131cal\u0131k, b\u00f6lgesel adaletsizlik veya \u00fcretim amac\u0131n\u0131 zay\u0131flatan uygulama do\u011furamaz. K\u0131y\u0131lar, toplumun ortak nefes alan\u0131d\u0131r K\u0131y\u0131lar, toprak, tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7inde k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6zel bir yeri vard\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc k\u0131y\u0131lar, do\u011fal g\u00fczelli\u011fin, kamusal yararlanman\u0131n, turizmin, bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n, ekolojik dengenin ve \u015fehir hayat\u0131n\u0131n kesi\u015fti\u011fi alanlard\u0131r. Madde 36, k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n Devletin h\u00fck\u00fcm ve tasarrufu alt\u0131nda oldu\u011funu belirterek bu alanlar\u0131n rastgele \u00f6zel \u00e7\u0131kar d\u00fczenine b\u0131rak\u0131lmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ortaya koyar. Buradaki as\u0131l mesele \u015fudur: K\u0131y\u0131lar belli ki\u015fi, \u015firket veya z\u00fcmrelerin ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmemelidir. Kanunla d\u00fczenleme yap\u0131labilir; fakat bu d\u00fczenleme e\u015fit ve serbest yararlanma hakk\u0131n\u0131 zedelememelidir. Bir k\u0131y\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn: Denize bak\u0131yor, r\u00fczg\u00e2r\u0131 herkes i\u00e7in esiyor; fakat fiilen yaln\u0131z baz\u0131 kapal\u0131 gruplar\u0131n eri\u015fimine a\u00e7\u0131k. \u0130\u015fte Madde 36 bu adaletsizli\u011fi \u00f6nlemek ister. K\u0131y\u0131 ve deniz alanlar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131, bug\u00fcn \u00e7evresel s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik kadar kamusal yararlanma a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u00f6nemli bir ba\u015fl\u0131kt\u0131r. Toprak da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 \u00fcretimle ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kaybederse adalet zay\u0131flar Madde 36, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan topraklar\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcnemeyece\u011fini, miras h\u00fck\u00fcmleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda devredilemeyece\u011fini ve ancak hak sahipleri ile miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131nca i\u015fletilebilece\u011fini belirtir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, k\u0131y\u0131lar, toprak, tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n korunmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir \u00fcretim mant\u0131\u011f\u0131na dayan\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc toprak da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131, sadece m\u00fclkiyet aktar\u0131m\u0131 de\u011fil; \u00fcretimi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirme ve \u00e7ift\u00e7ili\u011fi ya\u015fatma amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mal\u0131d\u0131r. Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan topra\u011f\u0131n k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede par\u00e7alanmas\u0131, amac\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda el de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi veya tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimden kopmas\u0131, hem kamu yarar\u0131n\u0131 hem de k\u0131rsal \u00fcretim d\u00fczenini zedeler. Bu y\u00fczden toprak da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131; arazi niteli\u011fi, \u00fcretim kapasitesi, \u00e7ift\u00e7ilik faaliyeti, b\u00f6lgesel ihtiya\u00e7 ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir i\u015fletme \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctleri \u00fczerinden de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. FAO\u2019nun s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir tar\u0131m yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 da bug\u00fcn\u00fcn ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131larken gelecek nesillerin \u00fcretim imk\u00e2nlar\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcketmeyen bir tar\u0131msal d\u00fczeni \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Arazi niteli\u011fi, topra\u011f\u0131n hangi \u00fcretime uygun oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. \u00dcretim kapasitesi, destek ve planlamada ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc sa\u011flar. \u00c7ift\u00e7ilik faaliyeti, topra\u011f\u0131n \u00fcretimle ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korur. S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir i\u015fletme, topra\u011f\u0131n gelece\u011fini g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131r. Yarg\u0131sal denetime a\u00e7\u0131k kurallar, topra\u011f\u0131 keyf\u00eelikten korur K\u0131y\u0131lar, toprak, tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n korunmas\u0131 yaln\u0131z idari planlama meselesi de\u011fildir; ayn\u0131 zamanda hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi meselesidir. Madde 36, toprak da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131, i\u015fletilmesi, geri al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve toprak geni\u015fli\u011fi konular\u0131nda objektif ve yarg\u0131sal denetime elveri\u015fli esaslar \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcr. Bu ifade, topra\u011f\u0131n keyf\u00ee kararlarla da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 veya geri al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyen g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir anayasal g\u00fcvencedir. Toprak politikas\u0131, kapal\u0131 ili\u015fkilerle veya ge\u00e7ici tercihlerle y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcrse hem \u00e7ift\u00e7i zarar g\u00f6r\u00fcr hem de \u00fcretim planlamas\u0131 bozulur. Kimin hangi \u015fartla toprak alaca\u011f\u0131, hangi y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckle i\u015fletece\u011fi, hangi durumda geri al\u0131nabilece\u011fi ve hangi geni\u015flikte s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir i\u015fletme kurulaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nceden belirli olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Yarg\u0131sal denetime elveri\u015fli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctler, kamu g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc \u015feffafla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece \u00e7ift\u00e7i de devlet de hangi ilkeye g\u00f6re hareket edildi\u011fini bilir. Tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim planlamas\u0131 duyguyla de\u011fil, veriyle yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r Madde 36\u2019n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim planlamas\u0131 ve destekleri bilimsel veri, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik, g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, adil piyasa ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve denetlenebilir gerek\u00e7eye ba\u011flar. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, k\u0131y\u0131lar, toprak, tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n korunmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan maddenin en \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f y\u00f6nlerinden biridir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc tar\u0131m, tesad\u00fcfe veya k\u0131sa vadeli pop\u00fcler kararlara b\u0131rak\u0131lmayacak kadar stratejik bir aland\u0131r. Hangi \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn nerede desteklenece\u011fi, hangi b\u00f6lgede hangi hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k modelinin g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilece\u011fi, su kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n ne kadar kald\u0131rabilece\u011fi, topra\u011f\u0131n verimlili\u011fi, iklim riski ve piyasa ihtiyac\u0131 birlikte de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. OECD\u2019nin tar\u0131msal \u00fcretkenlik ve yenilik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 da verimlilik, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik ve dayan\u0131kl\u0131 g\u0131da sistemleri aras\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ba\u011f kurar. Ger\u00e7ek tar\u0131m politikas\u0131, iyi niyetli sloganlarla de\u011fil, do\u011fru veri ve hesap verebilir destek d\u00fczeniyle kurulur. G\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, mill\u00ee g\u00fcvenli\u011fin sessiz cephesidir K\u0131y\u0131lar, toprak, tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n korunmas\u0131, en sonunda g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fiyle do\u011frudan birle\u015fir. G\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, market raflar\u0131n\u0131n dolu g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesinden ibaret de\u011fildir. \u00dcretim zincirinin i\u015flemesi, \u00e7ift\u00e7inin \u00fcretimde kalmas\u0131, hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir olmas\u0131, toprak ve su kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131, adil piyasa ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve kriz d\u00f6nemlerinde \u00fclkenin kendi temel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layabilmesi anlam\u0131na gelir. FAO, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir g\u0131da ve tar\u0131m\u0131n g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011finin eri\u015filebilirlik, bulunabilirlik, kullan\u0131m ve istikrar boyutlar\u0131na katk\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Bu bak\u0131mdan g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, yaln\u0131z tar\u0131m bakanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n teknik ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fildir; anayasal d\u00fczeyde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmesi gereken stratejik bir meseledir. G\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve adil piyasa ko\u015fullar\u0131 birlikte sa\u011flanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hem \u00fcretici hem t\u00fcketici zarar g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Destekler ayr\u0131cal\u0131\u011fa de\u011fil, \u00fcretim amac\u0131na hizmet etmelidir Madde 36, tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim planlamas\u0131 ve desteklerin keyf\u00ee ayr\u0131cal\u0131k, b\u00f6lgesel adaletsizlik veya \u00fcretim amac\u0131n\u0131 zay\u0131flatan uygulama do\u011furamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtir. Bu c\u00fcmle, k\u0131y\u0131lar, toprak, tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n korunmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan son derece de\u011ferlidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc tar\u0131m destekleri do\u011fru kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00fcreticiyi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir; yanl\u0131\u015f kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kaynak israf\u0131, adaletsizlik ve ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k \u00fcretir. Destek sistemi \u015feffaf, gerek\u00e7eli ve denetlenebilir olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc \u00fcreten iki b\u00f6lge aras\u0131nda anlams\u0131z farkl\u0131l\u0131klar yarat\u0131lmamal\u0131; ger\u00e7ekten \u00fcretim yapan \u00e7ift\u00e7i yerine ili\u015fki a\u011f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ki\u015fi veya yap\u0131lar desteklenmemelidir. Denetlenebilir destek politikas\u0131, hem kamu kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korur hem de \u00fcreticinin devlete g\u00fcvenini art\u0131r\u0131r. Buradaki \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc \u00e7ok nettir: Destek, \u00fcretimi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmeli; ayr\u0131cal\u0131k d\u00fczeni kurmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Son De\u011ferlendirme K\u0131y\u0131lar, toprak, tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n korunmas\u0131, Milli Liyakat Anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde ortak yararlanma, \u00fcretim g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, tar\u0131msal s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik ve g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ekseninde d\u00fczenlenen g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir anayasal \u00e7er\u00e7evedir. Madde 36, k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n Devletin h\u00fck\u00fcm ve tasarrufu alt\u0131nda oldu\u011funu belirtir; ancak bu kullan\u0131m\u0131n e\u015fit ve serbest yararlanma hakk\u0131n\u0131 zedelemeyecek ve ayr\u0131cal\u0131k rejimi do\u011furmayacak \u015fekilde kanunla d\u00fczenlenmesini \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcr. Bu maddenin as\u0131l de\u011feri, topra\u011f\u0131 yaln\u0131z m\u00fclkiyet konusu de\u011fil, \u00fcretim ve kamu yarar\u0131 alan\u0131 olarak ele almas\u0131d\u0131r. Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan topraklar\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcnememesi, miras h\u00fck\u00fcmleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda devredilememesi ve hak sahipleriyle miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131nca i\u015fletilmesi; topra\u011f\u0131n \u00fcretim amac\u0131yla ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korur. Tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim planlamas\u0131 ve desteklerin liyakat, bilimsel veri, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik, g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, adil piyasa ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve denetlenebilir gerek\u00e7eye dayanmas\u0131 ise \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f ve hesap verebilir bir tar\u0131m politikas\u0131 hedefler. B\u00f6ylece k\u0131y\u0131lar, toprak, tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n korunmas\u0131, do\u011fay\u0131, \u00fcreticiyi, t\u00fcketiciyi ve gelecek nesilleri birlikte d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen dengeli bir anayasal ilkeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":171,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-170","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sosyal-devlet-egitim-saglik-ve-cevre"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/170","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=170"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/170\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":172,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/170\/revisions\/172"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/171"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=170"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=170"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliliyakat.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=170"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}